Cancer Flashcards
3 tumor cell types
-Benign-Differentiated - not cancerous
- In situ- “in position” or “in place.”
* An early stage in which the cancerous, cells remain in the original site
-Malignant-Invades surrounding and distant tissues
Tumor Classification type: solid tumor or liquid tumor
-Solid tumors begin in a solid structure such as bone, muscle, or organ and include carcinoma and sarcoma.
-Liquid tumors are also known as blood cancers or hematological tumors
Solid Tumors
-Carcinoma
Tumors that arise in epithelial tissues 80% to 90%
Sarcoma
- Tumors that arise in supportive and connective tissues
Myeloma
- Malignant tumor that originates in the plasma cells of bone marrow
Leukemia
- cancer that begins when the blood-forming cells create an excess of abnormal (WBC)
Lymphoma
- Develops in the glands or nodes of the lymphatic system causing abnormal cellular reproduction of WBC called
lymphocytes, which are a vital part of the immune system
Mixed-type cancer
-Cancer that has different tissue types or components from more than one type of cancer
Solid tumor stages
TNM
T size of tumor
N nearby lymph node involvement
M presence of metastasis
Overall Stage: I through IV; A & B
III / IV higher cancer stages; poorer prognosis
Cancer stages
Stage 0: carcinoma in situ; early in development, not all cancers
have stage 0
* Stage I: localized cancer; often has a good prognosis
* Stage II and III: locally advanced; criteria for II and III dependent on
type of cancer
* Stage IV: metastasized; cells have become undifferentiated
Classification / staging of liquid tumor or blood cancers
Lymphoma
Lymphoblasts
-Immature blood cells in the bone marrow
-B or T lymphocytes
Myeloma
-Myeloblasts
-Immature blood cells in the bone marrow
-Develop into granulocytes
Leukemia
-Acute or Chronic
Cancer Etiology
Disease of the genes; DNA / RNA
* Uncontrollable cell division
* Cancer is attributed to :
* Genetic inheritance, environmental carcinogens, and lifestyle choices
-diet
-uv exposure
-activity
Cancer Incidence and Prevalence
Survivorship: begins at time of dx and continues through person’s end life
* 14.5 million survivors in US (2015)
* Cancer risk: 1:2 men / 1:3 women
* Most common types: prostate, lung, and breast
Males 4x greater than younger ages
Females 2x greater thane younger ages
Adolescent / Young Adult (B – 14yrs)
Cancer Incidence and Prevalence
10,380 childhood new cases in US (2015)
~ 1,250 childhood deaths
Leukemia 25%
Brain and other central nervous system tumors represent 24%
Cancer Signs and Symptoms
Depends on size and location of cancer
* Whether the cancer is affecting nearby tissues or organs
* Unexplained weight loss
* Persistent headaches
* Persistent low-grade fever
* Repeated infections
* Chronic pain
CAUTION
Change in bowel / bladder habits
A sore that does not heal
Unusual bleeding / discharge
Thickening / lump
Indigestion / difficulty swallowing
Obvious change in a wart, mole, mouth sore
Nagging cough / hoarseness
Cancer Course and Prognosis
2nd leading cause of death; heart disease 1st
* Quality of life is highly impacted
* Five-year survival rates
Cancer Impact on Occupational Performance
Strength / endurance to preform grooming / bathing
* Eating habits
* Pain management
* Sleep cycle
* Meal preparation
* Employment
interventions
Multidisciplinary approach to pain management.
* Interventions include
* Patient education
* Training in proactive pain management
* Safe body mechanics
* Neuromuscular re-education
* Muscle tension reduction training
* Pacing activities
Additional Medical Complications and Considerations
Pain
* Compromised Bone
* Cancer-related fatigue (CRF)
* Cancer-Related Cognitive Dysfunction
* Immobility
* Lymphedema
* Psychosocial Disruption
* Cardiovascular Considerations
Allogeneic bone marrow transplant
Autologous bone marrow transplant
-using heathy stem cells from donor
-using on healthy stem cells
Cancer cachexia
affects your appetite
-Cancer-related cognitive dysfunction (CRCD)
-Cancer-related fatigue (CRF)
-describes subjective and objective changes in cognitive function
-severe form of fatigue among people with cancer
-Chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN)
-Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC
-describes the damage to the peripheral nervous system
-widespread hypercoagulable state that can lead to micro- and macrovascular clotting and compromised blood flow
Fistula
abnormal connection or passageway that connects two organs or vessels that do not usually connect
Graft versus host disease (GVHD)
the donated stem cells you receive during an allogeneic stem cell transplant view your body’s cells as a threat and attack
In situ
original place
Tumor lysis syndrome
a medical emergency that occurs when cancer cells die and release toxins into your bloodstream
Metastatic disease
Metastatic spinal cord compression (MSCC)
- spread of cancer cells from their original site to other tissues and/or organ
- when cancer cells grow around the spinal cord, causing compression and resulting in neurological damage.
Mirel’s scoring
four criteria that determines patients with long bone metastasis who present a high fracture risk
Neoplastic
Neutropenia
- a condition that causes abnormal cell growth, also known as a tumor.
-condition in which there aren’t enough neutrophils, which are a type of white blood cell
Osteoblastic lesion
Osteolytic lesion
- areas of abnormal bone formation caused by an excess of new bone cells produced by osteoblasts
- areas of damaged bone that occur in people with certain cancers, such as multiple myeloma and breast cancer
Pathological fracture
- a bone break caused by an underlying disease that weakens the bones.
Superior vena cava syndrome (SVCS)
group of symptoms that happen when something blocks or compresses your superior vena cava.
Survivorship
emphasizes the health, well-being and quality of life of people living with cancer
