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Medical Conditions > Cancer > Flashcards

Cancer Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

3 tumor cell types

A

-Benign-Differentiated - not cancerous
- In situ- “in position” or “in place.”
* An early stage in which the cancerous, cells remain in the original site
-Malignant-Invades surrounding and distant tissues

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2
Q

Tumor Classification type: solid tumor or liquid tumor

A

-Solid tumors begin in a solid structure such as bone, muscle, or organ and include carcinoma and sarcoma.
-Liquid tumors are also known as blood cancers or hematological tumors

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3
Q

Solid Tumors

A

-Carcinoma
 Tumors that arise in epithelial tissues 80% to 90%
 Sarcoma
- Tumors that arise in supportive and connective tissues
 Myeloma
- Malignant tumor that originates in the plasma cells of bone marrow
Leukemia
- cancer that begins when the blood-forming cells create an excess of abnormal (WBC)
 Lymphoma
- Develops in the glands or nodes of the lymphatic system causing abnormal cellular reproduction of WBC called
lymphocytes, which are a vital part of the immune system
 Mixed-type cancer
-Cancer that has different tissue types or components from more than one type of cancer

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3
Q

Solid tumor stages

A

TNM
 T size of tumor
 N nearby lymph node involvement
 M presence of metastasis
 Overall Stage: I through IV; A & B
 III / IV higher cancer stages; poorer prognosis

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4
Q

Cancer stages

A

Stage 0: carcinoma in situ; early in development, not all cancers
have stage 0
* Stage I: localized cancer; often has a good prognosis
* Stage II and III: locally advanced; criteria for II and III dependent on
type of cancer
* Stage IV: metastasized; cells have become undifferentiated

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5
Q

Classification / staging of liquid tumor or blood cancers

A

Lymphoma
 Lymphoblasts
-Immature blood cells in the bone marrow
-B or T lymphocytes
 Myeloma
-Myeloblasts
-Immature blood cells in the bone marrow
-Develop into granulocytes
 Leukemia
-Acute or Chronic

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6
Q

Cancer Etiology

A

Disease of the genes; DNA / RNA
* Uncontrollable cell division
* Cancer is attributed to :
* Genetic inheritance, environmental carcinogens, and lifestyle choices
-diet
-uv exposure
-activity

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7
Q

Cancer Incidence and Prevalence

A

Survivorship: begins at time of dx and continues through person’s end life
* 14.5 million survivors in US (2015)
* Cancer risk: 1:2 men / 1:3 women
* Most common types: prostate, lung, and breast
Males 4x greater than younger ages
 Females 2x greater thane younger ages

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8
Q

Adolescent / Young Adult (B – 14yrs)
Cancer Incidence and Prevalence

A

10,380 childhood new cases in US (2015)
 ~ 1,250 childhood deaths
 Leukemia 25%
 Brain and other central nervous system tumors represent 24%

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9
Q

Cancer Signs and Symptoms

A

Depends on size and location of cancer
* Whether the cancer is affecting nearby tissues or organs
* Unexplained weight loss
* Persistent headaches
* Persistent low-grade fever
* Repeated infections
* Chronic pain

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10
Q

CAUTION

A

Change in bowel / bladder habits
 A sore that does not heal
 Unusual bleeding / discharge
 Thickening / lump
 Indigestion / difficulty swallowing
 Obvious change in a wart, mole, mouth sore
 Nagging cough / hoarseness

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11
Q

Cancer Course and Prognosis

A

2nd leading cause of death; heart disease 1st
* Quality of life is highly impacted
* Five-year survival rates

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12
Q

Cancer Impact on Occupational Performance

A

Strength / endurance to preform grooming / bathing
* Eating habits
* Pain management
* Sleep cycle
* Meal preparation
* Employment

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13
Q

interventions

A

Multidisciplinary approach to pain management.
* Interventions include
* Patient education
* Training in proactive pain management
* Safe body mechanics
* Neuromuscular re-education
* Muscle tension reduction training
* Pacing activities

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14
Q

Additional Medical Complications and Considerations

A

Pain
* Compromised Bone
* Cancer-related fatigue (CRF)
* Cancer-Related Cognitive Dysfunction
* Immobility
* Lymphedema
* Psychosocial Disruption
* Cardiovascular Considerations

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15
Q

Allogeneic bone marrow transplant
Autologous bone marrow transplant

A

-using heathy stem cells from donor
-using on healthy stem cells

16
Q

Cancer cachexia

A

affects your appetite

17
Q

-Cancer-related cognitive dysfunction (CRCD)
-Cancer-related fatigue (CRF)

A

-describes subjective and objective changes in cognitive function
-severe form of fatigue among people with cancer

18
Q

-Chemotherapy-induced peripheral neuropathy (CIPN)
-Disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC

A

-describes the damage to the peripheral nervous system
-widespread hypercoagulable state that can lead to micro- and macrovascular clotting and compromised blood flow

19
Q

Fistula

A

abnormal connection or passageway that connects two organs or vessels that do not usually connect

20
Q

Graft versus host disease (GVHD)

A

the donated stem cells you receive during an allogeneic stem cell transplant view your body’s cells as a threat and attack

21
Q

In situ

A

original place

22
Q

Tumor lysis syndrome

A

a medical emergency that occurs when cancer cells die and release toxins into your bloodstream

23
Q

Metastatic disease
Metastatic spinal cord compression (MSCC)

A
  • spread of cancer cells from their original site to other tissues and/or organ
  • when cancer cells grow around the spinal cord, causing compression and resulting in neurological damage.
24
Q

Mirel’s scoring

A

four criteria that determines patients with long bone metastasis who present a high fracture risk

25
Q

Neoplastic
Neutropenia

A
  • a condition that causes abnormal cell growth, also known as a tumor.
    -condition in which there aren’t enough neutrophils, which are a type of white blood cell
26
Q

Osteoblastic lesion
Osteolytic lesion

A
  • areas of abnormal bone formation caused by an excess of new bone cells produced by osteoblasts
  • areas of damaged bone that occur in people with certain cancers, such as multiple myeloma and breast cancer
27
Q

Pathological fracture

A
  • a bone break caused by an underlying disease that weakens the bones.
28
Q

Superior vena cava syndrome (SVCS)

A

group of symptoms that happen when something blocks or compresses your superior vena cava.

29
Q

Survivorship

A

emphasizes the health, well-being and quality of life of people living with cancer

Medical Conditions (12 decks)

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