Orthopedic Flashcards

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1
Q

Orthopedic Description and Definitions

A

-Injury / disease of bones, joints, muscle, tendons, ligaments
* Osteoarthritis; wear / tear on joint
* Osteoporosis; loss of bone density
* Fracture most common condition

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2
Q

Fractures

A

 Trauma / disease of bone or joint
 Stress fracture; force applied to bone
 Pathologic fracture

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3
Q

Osteoarthritis

A

 Degenerative joint disease; non-inflammatory disease
 No inflammatory white blood cells in the joint fluid
 Deterioration of articular cartilage; formation of
osteophytes

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4
Q

Osteoporosis

A

 Loss of bone density
 Menopause
 10 million

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5
Q

Osteopenia

A

 Reversible weakening of the bone
 Diet, exercise, bone density tests

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6
Q

Heterotopic ossification

A

-abnormal bone formation in
extraskeletal soft tissues
 Often associated with traumatic injuries

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7
Q

Incidence and Prevalence
* Fractures

A

 Unintentional falls leading cause of injury
 44% involve distal radius
 Older adult women 80% of hip fractures
 1.6 million older adults fall-related fracture

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8
Q

Osteoarthritis incidence and Prevalence

A

 ~ 27 million people age 25 and older in US
 One of the leading cause of disability due to loss of ROM
 Affects: knee, distal interphalangeal joints, proximal
interphalangeal joints, and the first carpal metacarpal joint

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9
Q

signs and Symptoms
* Fractures

A

 Ecchymosis (a discoloration of the skin resulting from
bleeding, i.e. bruising)
 Edema
 Localized pain
 Deformity

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10
Q

Signs and Symptoms
* Fractures

A

closed and open
 Increased chance of infection
 Comminuted-Fractures that have two or more fragments
 Displaced-Segments that have become separated or shifted
from the bone
 Greenstick-Bone breaks on one side and bends on the
other

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11
Q

Fracture Lines

A

 Complete-A break in full continuity of the bone
 Incomplete (hairline fracture)
 Transverse (right angle)
 Oblique (diagonal)
 Spiral- Torsional stress applied to bone causes a twisting fracture line
 Distal radial
- May cause loss of sensation, strengt

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12
Q

Hip fracture

A

 Generally refers to a fracture of the proximal femur.
 Intracapsular fractures involve the femoral neck such as a subcapital or transcervical fracture.
 Extracapsular fractures involve the trochanters such as a subtrochanteric or
intertrochanteric fracture

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13
Q

Humeral Fracture

A

 Humeral displacement / malposition of distal limb
 Radial nerve injury (18%)

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14
Q

Supracondylar fractures (distal end of humerus)

A

 “Elbow fracture”
 Malunion-Healed in a less than optimal position
 Volkmann’s deformity
 Severe damage to tissues and muscles caused by increased pressure

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15
Q

Scaphoid fractures

A

 Most common fractured bone in wrist
 Frequent among young males, sports injury
 Susceptible to avascular necrosis because of its poor
blood supply

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16
Q

Signs and Symptoms Osteoarthritis

A

 Inflammation / joint pain
 Limited ROM
 Pain with movement
 Crepitus
 Stiffness

17
Q

Signs and Symptoms
* Osteoporosis

A
  • Gradual and somewhat silent as it emerges
  • pain, height loss, and kyphosis
  • Skeletal fractures and recurring pathological fractures
  • Osteopenia is a predecessor to osteoporosis
18
Q

HO

A
  • Begins with pain, joint warmth, swelling, and decreased ROM
    approximately 1 to 4 months after an injury
  • May be a palpable mass, which becomes harder as the bone forms
19
Q

Fracture dependent factors:

A

 Type of Fx
 Person age
 Fx location
 Premorbid health status
 Intrinsic motivation
 Severity of Fx

20
Q

Way bone heals

A

6-12 weeks to heal
* Immediate vascular circulation + immobilization = optimal healing

21
Q

5 stages to healing a Fx:

A
  1. Hematoma forms and seals the damaged blood vessels
     Osteoclasts reabsorb the damaged bone and tissue
  2. Formation of fibrocartilage
     Increases Stability of bone fragments
    3.Formation of a callus
    4.Ossification; bony union
     Remodeling / consolidation
     6 weeks to 1 year
22
Q

Abnormal healing risk factors

A

Open fracture, severe soft tissue damage, infection, poor vascularization, nerve
damage, phlebitis (vein inflammation), or compartment syndrome

23
Q

Delayed union

A

Bone takes more time to heal than is expected

24
Q

Malunion fracture

A
  • Heals in an abnormal or deformed position.
  • Functional implications as the person will often experience limited, ROM, strength, and coordination.
25
Q

Nonunion fractures

A
  • A fracture in which the bone is not healing
  • The scaphoid bone has a high risk for nonunion due to its limited blood
    supply.
26
Q

Bone Spurs

A
  • These may become painful and inflamed, limiting functional use.
  • Arthroplasty may be warranted.
  • Most common in the carpometacarpal joint of the thumb
27
Q

Heberden’s nodes and Bouchard’s nodes

A

-Distal interphalangeal joints
-Proximal interphalangeal joints

28
Q

Orthopedic Impact on Occupational Performance

A
  • Dressing
  • Leisure pursuits
  • Home management
  • Work performance
  • Meal preparation
  • Mobility / driving