Progress In Education Flashcards
Ahat were schoold like in the 1950s?
Segregated
What was something which governers would do to stop segregation?
Upgrade black schools
Who was the govorner of South Carolina?
James Byrnes
What did James Byrnes do to stop desegregation?
He spent over $100 million upgrading Black schools rather then allowing black students to go to white schools
Where was Linda Brown from?
Topeka Kansas
Why was special about Linda Browns journey to school?
She had to pass an white school to get to her black school
When did Brown’s parents loose a court case?
About what?
Why did they loose?
1951 (with 12 other parents)
Arguing that there daughter shoudk be abke to got to the closer white school
Plessy said that rhe schoold were seperate but equal
What was the court case called?
About education
Brown v. The board of Education of Topeka Kansas
Or
Brown v. Topeka
How did the NAACP layers argue the brown case?
Segregated schools wern’t equal becasue it made black students feel inferior
The 14th Amendment was being brocken as black children felt unequal
What was the situation in the brown case by December 1952?
They hadn’t made a ruling het and called for a re-trial
Meanwhile one of the pro-segregation judges died and was replaced by a pro-desegregation judge
What was the name of the pro desegregation judge that replaced a pro-segregation judge?
Earl Warren
When was the Brown v. Topeka case finished?
May 1954
In favor of Brown
They said that “seperate but equal” has no place nowerdays
They also beat Plessy
What was 1 oversite (or intentional mistake) with the Brown v. Topeka case?
In 1954 the Supreme Court set no time scale on desegregation
What happened in May 1955 (in Brown v. Topeka)?
A second Supreme Court case said that desegregation should be carried out with “deliberate speed”
This was called Brown II
What was the Second Supreme Court case called?
Brown II
What happened to Linda Brown?
She was no too old to go to the original primary school
What was the immediate significance of Brown v Topeka?
It reversed Plessy (beat) and therefore sparked more desegregation campaigns - many of which went on the win legal victories -
How long did it take DC and the boarder states to desegregate schools?
In the years immediatly following the court ruling
By the end of the 1957 school year how many school districts had desegregated?
(In the north and boarder states (still part of the south)
723
What were border states?
Southern States that were nearest North
What did the day of the Brown decision bedome known as?
Black Monday
What was the deep south’s reaction to the Brown v Topeka case?
Black children wanting to go to intergrated schoold recived abuse, threats and violence (as were their families).
NAACP members and also other pro intergrated people were also abused…
What happened to desegregate schools in the deep south after Brown v Topeka
Many schools said they wre making plans to desegregate but did nothing
Some governers didn’t accept desegregation
Some governers made emotional pledges to keep segregation
A governer demanded “massive resistance” and said he would close schools trying to segregate
WCC was set up
KKK memberships grew
Many people protested outside schools - it threatened and intimidated black people trying to go to school
It made Black American’s lives more dangerous
How may legaly enforcing intergration be harmful for bakck students?
Theynwere unwanted and were unliky to get a good education from white teachers rather than black students in a segregated school
What were the long term impacts of the Brown case?
Layed a legal foundation for future court cases
It raised awarness for Civil Rights
Going to school may have became more dangerous for black students and black teachers often had trouble from white students
White flight - white people moved away from intergrated schools
Where was Little Rock?
Arkansas
How many black students applied to Little Rock in Little Rock?
75
How many students were accepted in the Little Rock Central High school in Little Rock?
25
What year did Little Rock start accpeting black students?
1957
How many black students actual went to Little Rock?
Why?
9
Some people dropped out because of threats and violence
Who was the governer of Arkansas in 1957?
Also a big opposer to desegregation?
Orval Faubus
What did Faubus do to stop intergration at Little Rock?
He sent 250 state troops to “keep the peace” at the start of the school term
The state troops stopped the black students from getting in and the school board told the black students to skip the first day
Who was the local NAACP organiser in Little Rock?
Daisy Bates
What did Daisey Bates organise?
When?
She organised for the 9 Children to go to the second day of Little Rock together
Which student didn’t get the message to arrive together
Elizebeth Eckford
What happene to the 1 student who didn:t get the message to arive together?
She walked up to the state troopers (thinking they would protect her) but they turned her away to the crowd who shouted “lynch her”
How public did Little Rock become?
By the 4th September
250 reporters and photographers
Why did Eisenhower make the presidential order?
He didn’t think the publicity was good for the US’s image abroad
He wanted to move quickly and knew that congress wouldn’t approve his plan
What happened on the 23rd September 1957?
Aftee being ordered to by Eisenhower - Faubus removed federal troops but riots continued
The poliece chief took black students out of the school saying that the rioting was there fault
What happened on the 24th September 1957?
Eisenhower signed a presidential.
How controversial was the presidential order?
Really controversial
Eisenhower went to TV to explain himself
What did the presidential order do?
It federalised the state troops (put the state troops under federal control)
How long were the federal troops at Little Rock for?
Stayed there untill the end of term
What couldn’t the federal troops stop?
Threats and taunts of white students and teachers
Hate mail, when they are at home
What happened at the end of the school year?
In 1958 Faubus the closed every school in Little Rock
When did Little Rock schoold re-open?
Why?
After complaints from white parents he was forced to re-open intergrated schools in September 1959
What happened to the WCC after Little Rock?
It grew rapidly in members
They threatened more people and even bombed schools like the KKK
What political oposition was there to desegregation?
Harry F. Byrd (Virgina) who demanded “massive resistance” to desegregation. He threatend ro close any schoold who intergrated.
No schools did
What happened to Massive resistance?
In 1959 the Supreme Court ruled that “massive resistance” was illegal
What happened after the Supreme court ruling in 1959?
Public schools in Virginia closed
When did schoold in Virgina reopen?
1964
How did school biards avoid desegregation?
They made pland very slow
They accepted few black students
They segregated within the school
They held psycological tests (to get into the school) which was made harder for black students
They would only desegregate 1 or 2 schools in an area
What type of things did CORE tell black students in intergrated schools?
Be clean at all times
Be polite at all times
Don’ shout or fight ever
Stick together
Possibley, why was there little support of intergrstion?
Harsh treatment made people scared to show support.
When was the WCC set up?
July 1954
