Malcom X And Black Power 1963-70 Flashcards
What was Malcolm X’s name?
Malcolm Little
When was Malcolm X born?
19th May 1925
Describe and what hapened to Malcolm X’s farther
He was a baptist minister and was murdered when Malcolm X was 6
When happend to Malcolm X’s mother?
Therefore what happened to Malcolm X?
She had a mental breakdown
The children were put in foster homes
What happened in the middle of Malcolm X’s life?
He went to jail in 1946 for bulgary where hw joined the NOI
He become acusto ed to muslim and black nationalism beliefs
What does the NOI stand for?
Nation Of Islam
What sort of things would the NOI say?
White Americans held black Black Americans and that black people needed their own state
In the meanwhile black people should only be interdependent on other black people
(Not to try and intergrate)
What happened to Malcolm X after prison?
He became a minister for the NOI and then it’s spokesperson
How many members did the NOI have in 1952?
500
How many members did the NOI have after 1963?
30,000
What was a big reason why NOI membership increased from 1952-63?
Malcolm X becoming the spokesperson
What were Malcolm X’s belifes?
He rejected nin-violence
He critisised people such as MLK
He wanted for black people to break away from the (“White America”)
When did Malcolm X start his own religious organistation?
After what?
1964 (after he left the NOI)
What was Malcolm X’s new religious organistaion called?
Muslim Mosque Inc
What was the NOI’s responce to Malcolm X leaving?
They made death threats
They spoke out against him
They firebombed his home several times
What changed Malcolm X’s views?
He went on a pilgramage to Mecca and returned with changed views
What was Malcolm X’s chainged views?
More willing to accept intergration
How was Malcolm X’s new views shown?
He set up to Organistaion of Arfican American Unity
He would work with other Civil Rights groups eg SNCC and CORE
Why did Malcolm X leave the NOI?
Mohammad was suppost to be perfect
However he asked Malcolm to help him cover up affairs (and multiple children) which he had had.
Where was Malcolm X when he was assasonated?
New York making a speach
When was Malcolm X assasonated?
21 Febuary 1965
How was Malcolm X assasonated?
Shot 15 times when he was rushed by 3 members of the NOI whilst he was making a speach
1965
When was Malcolm X’s funeral
27 Febuary 1965
How many people went to Malcolm X’s funeral?
Over 15,000
What was “black power”?
A slogan used by more radical black radical groups from about 1963 onwards
What sort of beliefs did “black power” groups have?
Encouraged black people to br proud of their culture and heritage
Rejected help from white people
Argued against intergration
Were influenced by Malcolm X
Use militant language and spoke about revolutions
Who often supported black power movements the most?
Explain possibly why this is?
Poor people
Black power groups pften spoke of improving the lives of poor black americans as well.
They may have felt the worst of racism as they lived in the ghettos
Why may have black power grown?
There was slow progress and legistation wasn’t working
Many civil rights leaders had shifted to problems like poverty
People wanted to have pride and they belived in themself
Groups like the Black Panthers often got good results on ishued they wanted solved
What did Stokely Carmichael do?
After the voting rights act he and some other SNCC members
set up the Loendes County Freedom Orgnaistaion
Was elected leader of SNCC in 1966
Belived in non-violence but thought some things needed to change so he brough in some more people who belived in black power into SNCC
What did the Lowndes County Freedom Organisation do?
It’s slogan was “Vote for the panther, then go home”
What was Stokley Carmichael elected chair of SNCC?
May 1966
Who led the march against fear?
James Meredith
When was the march against fear?
June 1966
Where was the march against fear?
Mississippi
Whta was the march agaisnt fear protesting against?
Black people reciving violence
What happened to James Meredith?
He was shot on day 2 whilst leading the march against fear
Who took over the march against fear after the incident?
MLK and Stikley Carmichael
What happened with the new leaders of the March against fear?
MLK wanted a peaceful protest
Carmichael’s militant speaches made it more radical and violence
How did Black power effect CORE and SNCC?
Theu stopped accepting white members
They lost a lot of orignial members who belived in non-violence
When was the Mexico olympics held?
1968
What was a symbol of black power?
A raised clemched fist
When was the mexico olympics?
1968
Give the name of 2 black americans who won medals at the olympics?
Which medals?
Which event?
Tommie Smith and John Carlos - gold and bronze medals
200m race
What was contriversal at the Mexico olympics?
During the national anthem the 2 black athlets did the black power salute whilst the US national anthem was playing
What was the result of the black power salute in the Mexico olympics?
They were booed and recived racial abuse (directly afterwards)
They were suspended from the US team
US newspapers condemed them as did politicians
They recived death threats
There actions inspired a lot of younger black americans
Who were the Black Panthers?
One of the larger black power groups
One of the most feared
(In their view one of the most misunderstood)
When were the Black Panthers set up?
October 1966
Where was the Black Panthers set up?
California
Who set up the Black Panthers?
Huey P. Newton
Bobby Seale
How did the Black Panthers get well known?
Theu brought guns to the state capitol in Sacramento protesting against a change to the gun laws - this scared many people and made the news
What was unique with the Black Panthers?
They were willing to work with white people who shared their belifes
What was the general black panther uniform?
Black beret, Black rousers, Black lether jacket
What did most members of the Black Panthers see themself as?
There communities own police and social workers of their community
What would a lot of Black Panther members do?
Patrolled black communities streets to keep them safe
Worked to create “rainbow coalitions”
Controlled traffic around schools to keep children safe
Pressed white governemnrt officials to maintain black areas
Ran cources of black history
Carried guns (self deffence) and tape measures
Organised charity work eg providing free shoes
Ran breakfats clubs for poor black children before school
What was the black pantyers 10 point programme?
Wanted freedom
Full employment for their people
End of robary by captalists in their communities
Decent housing
Education for their people - including their true history
All balck men to be free for having to serve in the military
Immidiate end to police brutality
Freedom for all black men held in prisons
Black people to be tried by a black jury
They wanted land, bread, housing, education, clothing, justice and peace
What did the Black Panthers achieve?
Helped to improve living conditions in ghettos
Clinics and breakfats clubs were sucesful
Improved the lives of many Black Americans
Many shootouts with police (which they called pigs)
What happened in July 1967?
Californa passed a law making it illegal to carry guns in public places
What haooened to Huey Newton?
What did this lead to?
In October he was badly wounded in a shot-out with the police
He was then charged for murder
“Free Huey” campaign
What did the Free Huey campaign do?
Gained a lot of support an publicity for them
By late 1968 how many city shad black panther movements in them?
25
What was the most black panthers there was ever at one time?
About 2,000
