Professional Development (Exam Three) Flashcards
1
Q
Many definitions of leadership refer to what?
A
The ability of an individual to influence the behaviors of others
2
Q
When exerting leadership, nurses inspire other health-care workers to accomplish what goals?
A
- Providing high quality client care
- Maintaining a safe work enviornment
- Developing new policies and procedures
- Increasing the power of the profession
3
Q
List the different leadership theories.
A
- Trait theory
- Leadership-style theory
- Relationship-task orientation
4
Q
The ______ theory identifies qualities that are common to effective leaders.
A
Trait
5
Q
Why is trait theory, by itself, considered limited?
A
- Focuses only on the traits of the individual
- Does not take into account how the person acts in specific situations
6
Q
List the leadership traits.
A
- High level of intelligence and skill
- Self-motivation
- Initiative
- Ability to communicate well
- Self-confidence
- Assertiveness
- Creativeness
- Persistence
- Stress tolerance
- Willingness to take risks
- Ability to accept criticism
7
Q
What three leadership styles are encompassed under the leadership-style theory?
A
- Laissez-faire
- Democratic
- Authoritarian
8
Q
The _____________ theory is viewed on a continuum of leadership that ranges from a mostly passive approach to a highly controlling one.
A
Leadership-style
9
Q
When faced with a difficult decision ____________ leaders usually avoid making a decision in the hopes that the problem will resolve itself.
A
Laissez-faire
10
Q
Describe a laissez-faire leader.
A
Allows group members to determine their own goals and methods to achieve them
11
Q
When does laissez-faire leadership work best?
A
When members of the group have the same level of education as the leader and the leader performs the same tasks as the group members
12
Q
Give an example of a setting where laissez-faire leadership works well.
A
Research laboratory staffed by self-motivated scientists who know what they want to achieve and are familiar with the means of achieving it
13
Q
The laissez-faire style is also called what?
A
- Permissive
- Nondirective
- Passive
14
Q
The democratic style is also called what?
A
- Supportive
- Participative
- Transformational
15
Q
The ________ leadership style works best with groups whose members have a relatively equal status and who know each other well because they have worked together for an extended period.
A
Democratic leadership
16
Q
When is the democratic leadership style considered time-consuming and ineffective?
A
When group members strongly disagree
17
Q
List the hallmarks of democratic leadership style.
A
- Collaboration
- Confidence
- Autonomy
18
Q
Followers of this system have a high level of commitment to the institution resulting in a strong work ethic and innovative ideas in practice.
A
Democratic leadership
19
Q
The authoritarian style is also known as what?
A
- Controlling
- Directive
- Autocratic
20
Q
Describe the authoritarian leadership style.
A
Provide direction by giving orders that the group is expected to carry out without question
21
Q
People working under the ____________ leadership style usually harbor hostile feelings, use passive-aggressive techniques to try to even the playing field, and feel oppressed and unable to use their full potential.
A
Authoritarian
22
Q
What is dictatorial leadership?
A
An extreme form of the authoritarian leadership style
23
Q
Give an example of dictatorial leadership.
A
A military mission to destroy a terrorist group by a Delta Force assault team
24
Q
When does the authoritarian leadership style work best?
A
- In emergency situations
- When clear direction is needed
- Saving a life or preventing injury
- Organizing a large group of people
25
Describe the benevolent authoritarian leadership style.
- Use a more paternalistic approach to achieving the goal
- Attempts to include the group’s feelings and concerns in the final decision
- Ultimately the leader makes all the decisions
26
What is almost always evident with the authoritarian leadership style?
High turnover rates
27
Which type of leader often allows the group to make its own decisions without regard to the task at hand?
High relationship–low task
28
Various forms of punishment are used by the ______ ______-________ __________ leader, ranging from verbal put-downs to poor performance evaluations that are used to determine pay raises.
High task-Low relationship
29
This type of leader is considered the worst leader.
Low relationship-Low task
30
This type of leader is considered the best leader.
High relationship-High task
31
A ____________ theory recognizes that no one approach works in all situations and states that the environment is always important in exercising leadership.
Situational
32
Factors such as sense of meaning, creativity, inspiration, and vision are involved in creating a sense of mission that exceeds good interpersonal relationships and rewards when utilizing the ____________ theory.
Transformational theory
33
________ are characteristics that an individual possess's.
Traits
34
The ability to ________ is an essential behavior for all levels of leadership.
Motivate
35
List the key leadership qualities.
- Critical thinker
- Problem solver
- Integrity
- Active listener
- Skillful communicator
- Courage
- Initiative
- Energy
- Optimism
- Perseverance
- Well-roundedness
- Coping skills
- Self-knowledge
36
What is the key to success of a leader on both individual and group levels?
A trusting relationship
37
What is considered the 'Golden Rule'?
Treat other people as you would want to be treated
38
What is one of the best ways to promote better performance among staff?
Provide individuals with more difficult challenges
39
The American Nurses Association (ANA) is directed toward promoting and maintaining the ________ of the nursing profession.
Integrity
40
The experts tell us that only _____ of communication is verbal; _____ is all other nonverbal content.
- 7%
| - 93%
41
Describe followers as a group.
As a group they bring a collection of past experiences and knowledge to assist in considering the leaders abilities and in making decisions
42
What do subordinates want and need to know?
That they are important to the organization
43
T/F: Almost all leaders are also followers and subordinates at some point in their careers, often simultaneously and many times followers and subordinates can be leaders.
True
44
In the ____________ approach, providing the right incentives, such as money, is expected to increase employee productivity.
Time-motion theory
45
Which theory requires managers to develop a different set of management skills, including counseling effectively, boosting motivation, using effective leadership skills, and maintaining productive communication?
Human interaction theory
46
What theory results in increased productivity and decreased employee satisfaction?
Time-Motion theory
47
Managers demonstrating this theory implement new procedures by first ensuring they comply with standards of care?
Time-motion theory
48
List the key behaviors of managers.
- Optimistic
- Identifies restraining forces
- Goal directed
49
Describe governance as it relates to the health care setting.
Process of decision-making at the top level of an organization that ensures goal are achieved and outcomes are of high-quality by defining expectations, delegating power, and overseeing the administrative process
50
When is governance often seen in a healthcare setting?
When a unit is changed from one field to another (med-surg to rehab)
51
Describe shared governance.
Power and authority are transferred to the nursing staff, not primarily to nurse administration
52
List the two key elements to a successful budget.
- Income
| - Expenses
53
What is the goal of creating a budget?
Pay all the expenses while not exceeding the income
54
What does an operational budget do?
Helps nursing manager manage the unit to produce highest quality care in the most economical manner possible
55
What is one of the steepest learning curves for nurse managers?
Budgeting process
56
What is the primary consideration when staffing?
Client safety
57
What is the key element to be considered in staffing?
Client acuity
58
Who is responsible for presenting needs for change in staffing ratios during a budget meeting?
Nurse manager
59
What literature was published by the ANA in 2005?
ANA Principles of Staffing
60
What is the ANA Principles of Staffing?
Guide for nursing managers in determining safe and efficient staffing levels
61
Describe the Registered Nurse Safe Staffing Act.
A federal law that is being written to improve nurse–patient ratios in hospitals that receive Medicare funds
62
Define motivational theory.
Ability to influence the choices people make among a number of possible choices open to them
63
What is the best example of motivational theory?
Maslow's hierarchy of needs
64
What are the two primary forces that bring about change?
- External forces
| - Internal forces
65
Where do external forces originate?
Outside the person or organization
66
Where do internal forces originate?
Within the individual or organization
67
Provide an example of internal change.
- Hospital increasing salaries
| - Requiring mandatory overtime from a group of nurses
68
List the three most common restraining forces.
- Habit
- Comfort
- Inertia
69
What type of change is considered more productive and occurs where there is a directed and designed implementation of some element within the organization?
Planned change
70
Unplanned change is also referred to as what?
Reactive change
71
Bill has just made a unit director at his facility, and he wants to be an effective leader. Which of the following behaviors and qualities should he incorporate in his professional style? (SATA)
A. Problem-solving
B. Acknowledging good work
C. Fostering cooperation among team members
D. Reinforcing unit goals
E. Focusing exclusively on his new responsibilities
F. Having himself and promoting among the unit team a sense of optimism
A, B, C, D, F
72
What is communication?
Interactive sharing of information
73
List the three components necessary for communication.
- Sender
- Message
- Receiver
74
The process of turning thoughts into either verbal or written communication is known as what?
Encoding
75
The process of turning communication into thoughts is known as what?
Decoding
76
List factors that may interfere with the communication process on the senders side.
- Unclear speech
- Confused message
- Monotone voice
- Poor sentence structure
- Jargon
- Lack of knowledge on the topic
77
List factors that may interfere with the communication process on the receivers side.
- Lack of attention
- Prejudice
- Bias
- Preoccupation
- Physical factors (pain, drowsiness, sensory impairment)
78
List the three predominant communication styles.
- Assertive
- Nonassertive
- Aggressive
79
Which communication style is the most preferred style in most settings?
Assertive communication
80
____________ communication is honest and direct and accurately expresses the persons feelings, beliefs, ideas, and opinions.
Assertive
81
What is considered the key to assertive communication?
- In control of the communication
| - Not merely reacting to another's emotions
82
The goal of __________ communication is to encourage an 'I win, you win' outcome?
Assertive communication
83
Nonassertive communication is also referred to as what?
Submissive communication
84
In what type of communication style do people allow their rights to be violated by others?
Nonassertive (submissive) communication
85
______________ communicators dismiss their own feelings as being unimportant.
Submissive
86
Every communication by a submissive person becomes an '___ ______, _____ ______' situation.
I lose, you win
87
What type of communication strongly asserts the speakers legitimate rights and opinions with little regard or respect for the rights and opinions of others?
Aggressive communication
88
What type of communication may be perceived as a personal attack by the receiver?
Aggressive communication
89
List the forms in which aggressive communication is most commonly used.
- Screaming
- Sarcasm
- Rudeness
- Belittling jokes
- Direct personal insults
90
List the three primary methods of communication.
- Verbal
- Paraverbal
- Nonverbal
91
_________ communication is either written or spoken.
Verbal
92
_________ communication includes body language, facial expressions, gestures, physical appearance, touch, and spatial territory.
Nonverbal
93
____________ communication is the tone, pitch, volume, and dictation used when delivering a verbal message.
Paraverbal
94
What type of messages, or communication, is considered the most reliable?
- Nonverbal
| - Paraverbal
95
Anything done or said that interferes with communication is called what?
Communication blocker
96
A simple way to facilitate communication with a patient is by using which mnemonic?
SOILER
97
The 'S' in SOILER stands for what?
Sit
98
The 'O' in SOILER stands for what?
Open posture
99
The 'I' in SOILER stands for what?
Invite the patient to speak
100
The 'L' in SOILER stands for what?
Lean toward the patient
101
The 'E' in SOILER stands for what?
Eye contact
102
The 'R' in SOILER stands for what?
Relax
103
List factors that affect communication.
- Communication blockers
- Communication builders
- Environment
- Stress levels
- Grief
- Anger
104
List nonverbal communication blockers.
- Eye rolling
- Lack of eye contact
- Posture
- Fidgeting
- Deep sighs
- Watch check
- Preoccupation
105
Which paraverbal communication blocker is used to avoid confrontation, stress, intimacy, uncomfortable thoughts or feelings, or a difficult situation?
Nonstop, rapid talking
106
Which nonverbal communication blocker is often used when a person is hurt by another and is trying in turn to hurt that other person?
Failure to make eye contact
107
Which nonverbal communication blocker sends a message of extreme boredom and that the listener cannot wait to leave?
Fidgeting
108
Which verbal communication blocker portrays that the receiver is not respected or untrustworthy?
Using sarcasm
109
What is considered a key element in conflict and crisis resolution?
Coping skills
110
List the three strategies often used for conflict resolution.
- Ignore the conflict
- Confront the conflict
- Postpone the conflict
111
Ryan, an RN, is feeling frustrated with Ed, a CNA, whom Ryan feels is lazy and not taking good care of the clients on their unit. What tools could Ryan use to address his conflict with Ed in an assertive way? (SATA)
A. Complain about Ed's laziness to the charge nurse
B. Arrange to talk with Ed in a quiet, private area
C. Tell Ed, "You do such a bad job that I always have to redo your work!"
D. Ask Ed open-ended questions about what he thinks the problem is
E. Observe Ed's body language and note any mismatch between it and what Ed is saying verbally
F. Be quite and listen
B, D, E, F
112
The process of give and take between individuals or groups with the goal of reaching an agreement acceptable to all sides is called ____________.
Negotiation
113
An individual who utilizes child-like coping mechanisms will often result in what type of responses?
- Inappropriate
| - Over-emotional
114
Establishing _________ is key to any successful relationship and important when dealing with difficult behavior.
Trust
115
List the four tactics employed by the nurse to establish trust with a patient.
- Respect
- Consistency
- Confidentiality
- Loyalty
116
What concept is considered the opposite of self-centeredness?
Forgiveness
117
According to Maslow, difficult patients often feel as though which needs are being threatened?
Basic needs
118
According to Maslow, difficult coworkers often feel as though which needs are being threatened?
Higher level needs (i.e. self-actualization, love and belonging, self-esteem)
119
List the two most common types of difficult personalities in the work setting.
- Persecutor
| - Sneak
120
Opposed to difficult persons, those with a true personality disorder will display what characteristic?
- Do not believe they have a problem
| - Rarely seek help for their disorder
121
The persecutor is also referred to as what?
Dictator
122
People who attempt to humiliate, intimidate, threaten, or demean other individuals with the goal of overcoming their own lack of confidence may be described as what type of difficult person?
Persecutor (dictator)
123
Which type of difficult person attempts to gain attention from a supervisor and feels a strong sense of jealousy when the superior gives that attention to another person?
The sneak
124
The sneak will often employ the tactic of _______ _______, as it is considered the most powerful tool and contains just enough truth to make it believable.
Mixed rumors
125
The sneak is also referred to as what?
- Double-crosser
| - Backstabber
126
If the dictator is in a superior position, such as a charge nurse or supervisor, this type of behavior is called _________ __________.
Vertical violence
127
When the dictator is a fellow employee at the same authority level, this behavior is referred to as what?
Lateral/horizontal violence
128
List the five stages of grief in order.
- Denial
- Anger
- Bargaining
- Depression
- Acceptance
129
What is considered the highest priority when helping a patient work through the five stages of grief?
Provide the best care possible
130
When dealing with patients in denial, which ethical principal is one of the most important considerations?
- Autonomy
| - Right to self-determination
131
Patients in which stage of grief are intensely focused on what they could have done differently in the past to prevent what is happening to them now?
Bargaining stage
132
In which stage of grief will the patient display paraverbal communication of slow, low-tone speech and long pauses before or after answering questions?
Depression stage
133
_____________ may help reveal the underlying cause of the client's anger by involving acknowledgment of and agreement with the client's perceptions.
Legitimization
134
Tactics employed by the nurse to help a patient during the bargaining stage of grief may also be helpful in what other stage of grief?
Denial stage
135
List the three primary goals for a patient in the depression stage of grief.
- Preventing physiological injury
- Allow patient to speak about feelings of concern
- Helping the patient successfully cope with the reality of the change
136
Inappropriate sexual behavior from patients may be related to which stage of grief?
Anger
137
Oftentimes, inappropriate sexual behavior is a form of behavior used by patients that are experiencing __________.
Anxiety
138
Some studies have shown that even after just _____ ________ of listening to someone complain, the neurotransmitter levels in the brain are altered enough to cause memory loss and even permanent brain damage.
30 minutes
139
Which type of behavior destroys relationships, lowers the moral in the workplace, drains the energy out of staff, and decreases the overall quality of care?
Chronic complaining
140
Individuals who believe they cannot fix problems themselves, and who try to place the responsibility for both the problem and its solution on another person are displaying what type of behavior?
Duck-and-cover behavior
141
Using aggressive complaining to manipulate other to achieve an objective is indicative of which type of behavior?
Bulldozer behavior
142
Using aggressive complaining to manipulate others to achieve an objective is indicative of which type of behavior?
Bulldozer behavior
143
Using negative comments and complaints to dampen everyone else's attitude in and attempt to gain control and manipulate a situation is indicative of which type of behavior?
Wet-blanket behavior
144
Describe beyond help behavior.
Individual believes the solution being offered is inappropriate or useless and that their problem is so severe there is nothing anyone could ever do to fix it
145
Which type of approach is only utilized when all else has failed because it is borderline unethical?
Tough-love approach
146
Joleen, a new graduate nurse, is training with Mara, a senior nurse on the unit. Which of the following behaviors would support the idea that Mara is a persecutor? (SATA)
A. Mara calls Joleen "JoJo" despite being asked not to
B. Mara has an answer to every question and never needs to look anything up
C. Mara asks critical-thinking questions to help Joleen think through problems
D. Mara insists that Joleen assess patients exactly the same way she does
E. Mara encourages Joleen to ask questions and test hypotheses
F. Mara compliments Joleen one day and criticizes her the next
A, B, D, F
147
A client who is in the __________ stage of the grief process may say, "I should have gotten a second opinion from another physician before now."
Bargaining
148
Why do people demonstrate difficult behaviors? (SATA)
A. It's their personality
B. The behavior is meeting some need for them
C. They are experiencing a major life change
D. They are in pain
E. They are on medication that lowers their inhibitions
F. They are afraid or anxious
A, B, C, D, E, F
