Genitourinary System (Exam One) Flashcards
Where does urine form?
Kidneys
What amount of urine is stored by the renal pelvis?
3mL to 5mL
What is the purpose of the capsule that covers the kidneys?
- Shock absorber
- Protection
What is the difference between a child’s kidneys and an adults kidneys? Children are at an increased risk for what because of this difference?
- Children lack renal capsule for kidney protection
- More susceptible to kidney injury
What is the first step in the process of urine production?
Glomerular filtration
Which calculation determines how well the blood is being filtered by the kidneys?
- Glomerular filtration rate (GFR)
- Estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR)
What is the normal value for glomerular filtration rate?
120 mL/minute
A glomerular filtration rate of what value may indicate kidney failure?
<15 mL/minute
What cellular mechanism is responsible for selective reabsorption?
Hormones
The proximal tubules are the only site for what?
Glucose reabsorption
The proximal tubules are responsible for the reabsorption of what solutes?
- Glucose
- Amino acids
- Phosphate
- Citrate
The proximal tubule is considered what?
Metabolic organ
Inflammation of the bladder is known as what?
Cystitis
Decreased kidney function is denoted by what amount of urine output per hour?
<30 mL
What is the normal amount of urine production in 24 hours?
1,500 mL
What disease will accelerate the decrease of renal size with age?
Atherosclerosis
What does proper anatomy of the ureteropelvic junction (UPJ) help prevent?
- Urine reflux
- Infection
What is the functional unit of the kidney?
Nephron
List the functions of the kidneys. Identify which function is considered the primary function.
- Filtration of blood (primary)
- Create urine
- Rid the body of waste
- Excrete or conserve fluid
- Maintain electrolyte balance
- Acid-base balance
- Activate Vitamin D
- Produce erythropoietin
- Produce renin
- Regulate blood pressure
What is the normal value for estimated glomerular filtration rate?
> 60 mL/minute
Which substances are reabsorbed into the blood after filtration?
- Water
- Sodium
- Chloride
- Calcium
- Bicarbonate
Which substances are filtered out into the urine?
- Potassium
- Hydrogen ions
- Ammonia
What is the purpose of the kidneys activating vitamin D?
Vitamin D must be in its active form so the body can absorb calcium
What is the purpose of erythropoietin?
Stimulates bone marrow to produce red blood cells
What blood condition is present when there is decreased renal function?
Anemia
The loop of Henle is responsible for what body function?
Homeostasis
If a patient is receiving a diuretic medication, there should be an increase in what?
Urine output
If calcium absorption is decreased, which hormone will increase in order to correct this deficit?
Parathyroid hormone
Which part of the urinary system is responsible for carrying urine to the bladder?
Ureters
What is hydronephrosis?
Backflow of urine into the kidneys
If a patient has urine discoloration, such as red, orange, or blue, what question should the nurse ask the patient?
Are they currently taking any medications?
List normal physical assessment findings of the urinary system.
- No costovertebral angle (CVA) tenderness
- Non-palpable kidney and bladder
- No palpable masses
How does a provider assess for costovertebral tenderness? What does it tell us?
- Place a flat hand on the costovertebral angle (CVA)
- Make a fist using other hand
- Thump the flat hand using fist
-Tenderness may be indicative of pyelonephritis, kidney disease, or kidney stones
What is the normal range for serum creatinine?
0.6 - 1.2 mg/dL
What is the normal range for blood urea nitrogen (BUN)?
10 - 20 mg/dL
What is known about the urinary system and aging?
Function and muscle tone decreases
Serum creatinine can only be increased by what pathological disease?
Kidney disease
An elevation of blood urea nitrogen (BUN) may be indicative of what condition(s) or disease(s) besides renal disease?
- Upper GI bleed
- High-dose steroid consumption
- Heart failure
- Dehydration
- High-protein diet
- Infection
- Stress
Where is urea made?
Liver
Why might high ammonia levels be seen in a patient with kidney failure and liver failure?
-Liver may be unable to convert ammonia to urea during liver failure
A urine specimen collected at which time of day is most desirable as it is the most concentrated and the best indication of kidney function?
- Morning void
- First void of the day
What will daily weights tell the provider?
Fluid balance
Which lab is more indicative of kidney function? BUN or creatinine? Why?
- Creatinine
- Creatinine solely measures kidney function
- BUN can be elevated for non-kidney related issues
What substances should not cross into the renal tubules?
- Blood cells
- Platelets
- Protein
What is the most common laboratory test for urine?
Urinalysis
What laboratory test is used to identify specific organisms present in the urine?
Urine culture
Describe the process of a clean catch specimen. What must females do specifically regarding a clean catch?
-Clean urethral area
-Void small amount in toilet
-Void in sterile cup
Women must keep labia open during entire process
Describe the process of a clean catch specimen. What must females do specifically regarding a clean catch?
- Clean urethral area
- Void small amount in toilet
- Void in sterile cup
A creatinine clearance most closely approximates what other laboratory value?
Glomerular filtration rate (GFR)