Processing affect 2 Flashcards
What does co-ordinated patterns of interactions underpin?
healthy emotional development
what is a human nest ?
Soothing perinatal experiences = no separation
from mother e.g cultures in Africa
Breastfeeding on request (nursed frequently) = 2-5 years (both psychological + physical perspective)
Affectionate touch; Responsivity; Free play
Social embeddedness = shared responsibility
Modern caregiving practices = increasingly divergent from 90% of our exist/ our human nest (Hewlett & Lamb, 2005)
Fill in the gap
The human nest is the … perspective of atypical care?
evolutionary
What does Winnicot (1971) say about infants?
Emphasise importance of the baby being seen in a deeper level. When a child is deeply gazed at = effect of integration, security and important of emotional development
What happened in Tronick et al.’s study (1975)?
Called the ‘Still Face’ experiment.
Mother = still face. Child reacts trying to elicit a response. When they don’t show a response, they become upset.
What do disrupted communicated studies show?
Video-interaction studies =infants are sensitive to time lags (Henning & Striano, 2011)
Frequent short looks in depressed mothers (e.g., break mutual gaze within 1-2s lag - isn’t enough for synchrony in children (Feldman, 2007)
Switching pauses are longer + more variable when they stop vocalisation (Zlochower & Cohn, 1996)
What did McLearn et al., 2006 do?
Looked at the differences in safety, feeding and social practices
mothers w/ depression (N=867) vs
without (N=4007) depressive symptoms at 2-4 months post-partum
Analysis adjusted = age, race, marital status, education, employment, income, and previous motherhood
What were the results of McLearn et al. (2006) across the practises?
Safety = more likely to put in the wrong sleeping position + less likely to lower water temp
Significantly lower odds for breastfeeding + social interactions
– 19% reduced = showing book
– 15% reduced = playing + talking
– 33% reduced odds = following routines
Many of these results = differences could be due to level of education.
What is the importance of breastfeeding?
Research shows breastfeeding = helps mothers feel more connected w/ the child
What is the role of depression and negative beliefs?
Blisset et al (2005) = association between maternal core beliefs and feeding problems
negative beliefs = could cause mothers to stop breastfeeding
What is the role of depression and negative beliefs?
Blisset et al (2005) = association between maternal core beliefs and feeding problems
negative beliefs = could cause mothers to stop breastfeeding
How do depressed mothers neurally react of infants cry?
Laurent and Ablow (2012)
Own infant = not elicitng much activity in the rewards system of the brain (ventral striatum) of depressed mothers
What happens to mothers in depression?
Ingram and Smith (1984) = mothers more self-focused which could be the result of so much happening in their environment
How does infant temperament predict the development of depression
Murray et al. (1996) = infants of depressed mother can be more difficult to handle: tolerate less/ more sensory stimulation, less motivated w/ inanimate objects.
What is the process of affective communication?
Messiness
mismatch of meanings/ intentions
reparation
(repeat)
What are the neg. effects of reparation not happening?
Children are negatively affected by silence
What are the neg. effects of messiness?
children = higher anger, disengaged
children receiving less synchrony
(Granat et al., 2017) = depressed M = Has lowest gaze + touch synchrony duration
Infants of depressed mothers = greater negative emotionality and cortisol reactivity (Feldman et al., 2009)
What makes a child experience fearful arousal?
Infant needs = ongoing co-modulation of arousal + raw experiences: No ability to repress content (Schore,2012)
– Depressed mothers were less likely to attempt repairs of interrupted interactions and more likely to capitulate (Field, 2010)
Triggers alarm state
– Fight or flight: State of hyperarousal: The child can’t self-regulate
– Freeze or collapse: State of immobility –> people are beginning to take notice of this Arousal cannot be repressed.
Name consequences of fearful arousal.
Withdrawal of caregiver = loss of trust at a deep level
Failure to integrate affective experiences can render them unendurable
– Infant withdraws (Tronick & Beeghly, 2011)
Infants are meaning-makers (Tronick, 1989)
– Loss of co-experiencing = Loss of safety + trust
– Adaptation: Emotionally unavailable adult no longer violates infant expectations (e.g., Hernandez-Reif et al., 2007)
Relational Hurt
– 83% of neglected or abused infants show disorganisation (Carlson et al., 1989)
