Processing affect 2

Question 1

What does co-ordinated patterns of interactions underpin?

Answer 1

healthy emotional development

Question 2

what is a human nest ?

Answer 2

Soothing perinatal experiences = no separation
from mother e.g cultures in Africa

Breastfeeding on request (nursed frequently) = 2-5 years (both psychological + physical perspective)

Affectionate touch; Responsivity; Free play

Social embeddedness = shared responsibility

Modern caregiving practices = increasingly divergent from 90% of our exist/ our human nest (Hewlett & Lamb, 2005)

Question 3

Fill in the gap

The human nest is the … perspective of atypical care?

Answer 3

evolutionary

Question 4

What does Winnicot (1971) say about infants?

Answer 4

Emphasise importance of the baby being seen in a deeper level. When a child is deeply gazed at = effect of integration, security and important of emotional development

Question 5

What happened in Tronick et al.’s study (1975)?

Answer 5

Called the ‘Still Face’ experiment.

Mother = still face. Child reacts trying to elicit a response. When they don’t show a response, they become upset.

Question 6

What do disrupted communicated studies show?

Answer 6

Video-interaction studies =infants are sensitive to time lags (Henning & Striano, 2011)

Frequent short looks in depressed mothers (e.g., break mutual gaze within 1-2s lag - isn’t enough for synchrony in children (Feldman, 2007)

Switching pauses are longer + more variable when they stop vocalisation (Zlochower & Cohn, 1996)

Question 7

What did McLearn et al., 2006 do?

Answer 7

Looked at the differences in safety, feeding and social practices

mothers w/ depression (N=867) vs
without (N=4007) depressive symptoms at 2-4 months post-partum

Analysis adjusted = age, race, marital status, education, employment, income, and previous motherhood

Question 8

What were the results of McLearn et al. (2006) across the practises?

Answer 8

Safety = more likely to put in the wrong sleeping position + less likely to lower water temp

Significantly lower odds for breastfeeding + social interactions
– 19% reduced = showing book
– 15% reduced = playing + talking
– 33% reduced odds = following routines

Many of these results = differences could be due to level of education.

Question 9

What is the importance of breastfeeding?

Answer 9

Research shows breastfeeding = helps mothers feel more connected w/ the child

Question 10

What is the role of depression and negative beliefs?

Answer 10

Blisset et al (2005) = association between maternal core beliefs and feeding problems

negative beliefs = could cause mothers to stop breastfeeding

Question 11

What is the role of depression and negative beliefs?

Answer 11

Blisset et al (2005) = association between maternal core beliefs and feeding problems

negative beliefs = could cause mothers to stop breastfeeding

Question 12

How do depressed mothers neurally react of infants cry?

Answer 12

Laurent and Ablow (2012)

Own infant = not elicitng much activity in the rewards system of the brain (ventral striatum) of depressed mothers

Question 13

What happens to mothers in depression?

Answer 13

Ingram and Smith (1984) = mothers more self-focused which could be the result of so much happening in their environment

Question 14

How does infant temperament predict the development of depression

Answer 14

Murray et al. (1996) = infants of depressed mother can be more difficult to handle: tolerate less/ more sensory stimulation, less motivated w/ inanimate objects.

Question 15

What is the process of affective communication?

Answer 15

Messiness
mismatch of meanings/ intentions
reparation
(repeat)

Question 16

What are the neg. effects of reparation not happening?

Answer 16

Children are negatively affected by silence

Question 17

What are the neg. effects of messiness?

Answer 17

children = higher anger, disengaged
children receiving less synchrony

(Granat et al., 2017) = depressed M = Has lowest gaze + touch synchrony duration

Infants of depressed mothers = greater negative emotionality and cortisol reactivity (Feldman et al., 2009)

Question 18

What makes a child experience fearful arousal?

Answer 18

Infant needs = ongoing co-modulation of arousal + raw experiences: No ability to repress content (Schore,2012)
– Depressed mothers were less likely to attempt repairs of interrupted interactions and more likely to capitulate (Field, 2010)

Triggers alarm state
– Fight or flight: State of hyperarousal: The child can’t self-regulate
– Freeze or collapse: State of immobility –> people are beginning to take notice of this Arousal cannot be repressed.

Question 19

Name consequences of fearful arousal.

Answer 19

Withdrawal of caregiver = loss of trust at a deep level

Failure to integrate affective experiences can render them unendurable
– Infant withdraws (Tronick & Beeghly, 2011)

Infants are meaning-makers (Tronick, 1989)
– Loss of co-experiencing = Loss of safety + trust
– Adaptation: Emotionally unavailable adult no longer violates infant expectations (e.g., Hernandez-Reif et al., 2007)

Relational Hurt
– 83% of neglected or abused infants show disorganisation (Carlson et al., 1989)