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Developmental Psychology > Motor Development > Flashcards

Motor Development Flashcards

1
Q

What is DST

A

Stands for Dynamic Systems Theory.

Focuses on how behaviour changes over time.

Emphasises multiple components interacting for a single change.

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2
Q

According to DST , what is motor development caused by?

A

Increased strength and weight
Neural mechanisms
Posture control
Balance
Perceptual skills
Motivation

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3
Q

What are the major milestones for when babies are born until 5 months?

A

Stepping reflex
Mini pushups during tummy time
Bounce when held upright

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4
Q

What are the major milestones for babies 6-10 months old?

A

Sit up
Crawl
Stand w/ support
Cruise

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5
Q

What are the major milestones for when babies 9-15 months old?

A

Pull to stand
Stand unsupported
Take first steps

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6
Q

What are the major milestones for when babies 16-18 months old?

A

Dance
Climb stairs w/ help
Walk backwards

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7
Q

What are the major milestones for when babies 2yrs old?

A

Run
Kick ball
Jump from low step

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8
Q

What are attractors?

A

Stable, predictive bhvrs

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9
Q

How do children arrive at milestones?

A

Variable different routes = caused through lots of experimentation, curiosity and learning which was not previously emphasised in research.

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10
Q

What are the consequences of different measures of development?

A

It can affect literature bc it will show different patterns of development

Example:
Adolph et al’s longitudinal study (2008) = tested if children could sit independently for 3 seconds everyday. Infant 11 was consistent in showing the bhvr. Infant 7 was not.

Shows motor development is an ongoing process, doesn’t turn on.

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11
Q

What are fine motor skills?

A

Uses smaller muscles. Used for object manipulation, drawing and grasping.

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12
Q

What is gross motor skills

A

Uses larger muscles. Used for sitting, reaching, crawling, walking and running.

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13
Q

What is the stepping reflex?

A

Coordinated bhvr resembling walking.

It has alternating leg movements and disappears at 2 months.

Not due to neurological maturity because they can do the same bhvr when they are lying down (due to distributed gravitational pull).

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14
Q

Why does the stepping reflex disappear at 2 months?

A

Infants rapid weight gain in first few week makes their legs heavier + faster then stronger

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15
Q

What is the importance of sitting independently?

A

Leads to new opportunities for exploring + exploring shape and visual perception.

Spencer et al. (2000) = sitting independently helps reaching

Ross-Sheehy et al, (2016) = sitting independently domino effect on infant perception

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16
Q

What is figure/ ground assignment?

A

The ability to distinguish objects from the background. This is used to understand depth and plan reaching.

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17
Q

What do adults use to distinguish figure/ground

A

Symmetry
Convexity (curvature)
Lower region

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18
Q

Why do infants need figure/ground segregation

A

Infants use it to guide attention, eye-movements and learning

19
Q

What happened in Ross-Sheehy et al.’s (2016) figure/ground assignment study?

A

Showed two pictures to 6mths infants. There was 2 cues to figure out = motion and symmetry.
Both screens = motion (both in front/ both behind) - a diff. in symmetry

Consistent F/G cues = symmetrical moves in front + asymmetrical behind

Inconsistent F/G cues = asymmetrical moves in front + symmetrical moves behind

Sit up kids = preferred symmetrical bc it mirrored what they had learned.

Other group = no preference. Significant preferences showed infants perceive symmetry as a cue for F/G assignment.

20
Q

What is reaching and grasping?

A

Stretching w/ one/ both hands towards something to touch/grasp it.

Normally starts as swiping gestures until independent sitting = stable and precise.

Increased anticipation = experience with reaching and grasping increases.

21
Q

What is soft assembly reaching?

A

Argues all components = need to ‘assemble’ for a successful reach + infants bhvr.

Made of many components
- locate the goal
- stable base
- control arm extension.

The successful reach = environment, not genes/brain.

Variability in reaching = good + not a fixed sequence.

22
Q

Why were sticky mittens made?

A

Researchers devised several methods to try + help kids learn how to reach so they can understand how they do it.

23
Q

What are sticky mittens?

A

Mittens that have velcro + help children who can’t reach make contact w/ objects. Parents are asked to have a sticky mitten time, 10 mins/ day for 2 weeks.

24
Q

What are the strengths of sticky mittens?

A

Libertus and Needham (2010) = after one week w/ these toys, they reached significantly more often than their peers

Libertus, Joh and Needham (2016) = effects persist for 12 months

25
Q

What is counter research against sticky mittens?

A

Williams, Corbetta and Guam (2015) showed kids w/out sticky mittens had a higher performance

26
Q

What is the ‘A, not B’ task?

A

Created by Piaget to test 8-10mths infants’ representation. Researcher hide toy at A and the infant finds it (6x), then they hide it at B, the infant looks for it at A.

27
Q

What were the findings of the ‘A, not B’ task?

A

Infants don’t have object permanence until ~ 10mths

28
Q

How is bhvr described in relation to the ‘A, not B’ task?

A

Bhvr is a product of past history, just previous past + present  called nested timescales

The error is a result of previous attention to A + practise reaching to A. DST suggests attractors, motor memory and preservation is included.

29
Q

Why would errors persist in the ‘A, not B’ task?

A

There is no reaching on A
There are no objects = wave lids only
Unmarked locations (sandbox) in 2-4yrs
Long delays = even in adults in spaceship task
If you change posture between trials, errors are reduced (less reliant on motor memory)

30
Q

What is self-locomotion?

A

~8mths infants can crawl
~ 13-14 months = walking independently (toddling gait)

31
Q

What does Adolph (1997) study do?

A

Tracked infants in a weekly longitudinal study from early crawling to proficient walking. They changed the degree of the slope.

32
Q

What does Adolph (1997) research show?

A

Shows motor skills are context-dependent.
Knowledge doesn’t transfer from crawling to walking
A process of being fearless and getting hurt, to accurate and precise.

33
Q

What did Han and Adolph study do (2020)

A

Observed 138 toddlers who fell over 500 times whilst playing

34
Q

What were the findings of Han and Adolph (2020)

A

Falling didn’t change next bhvr of children = average of 1.84s in returning to previous bhvr

infants rarely fussed abt falling over = only 4%

caregivers rarely concerned about falling over = only 8%

Impact was not bad bc small body size + infants’ quick reactive bhvrs e.g bracing w/ hands

35
Q

What did O’Neal et al. (2018) do?

A

Used children 5-14 and made them do a road crossing simulation w/ CGI

36
Q

What were the results of O’Neal et al. (2018) study?

A

Children 5-14 years old = ↑ rate of pedestrian injuries than any other age groups

6-10yr = ↑ slower than older children + adults to enter a road + ↑ willing to enter

37
Q

What did O’Neal et al. (2019) do?

A

Repeated their 2018 study but w/ friends.
Pairs of friends cross a VR road 30x (50% left/right)
Stream of traffic from the left ~40kmh (25mph)
Traffic included random 2s-5s gaps
No instructions to cross together/ alone
They could wait as long as they wanted to

38
Q

What were the results of O’Neal et al. study (2019)?

A

Peers = risk to road safety + adolescents took riskier gaps w/ a friends than alone

To compensate for short gaps = entered + crossed faster

When solo, first crossers = ↑ risky

12 yo first crossers riskier than adults

39
Q

What does Oxley et al. (2012) show?

A

Most child pedestrians injuries happen at mid-blocks

40
Q

What does Bennet and Yiannakoulias (2015) show?

A

Shorted path to school often requires mid-block

41
Q

How does Liberty’s and Violi (2016) show motor experience is related to language?

A

Emergence of sitting correlates w/ vocal at 10-14mths

42
Q

How does Walle and Campos (2014) show motor experience is related to language?

A

Emergence of walking correlates w/ respective + productive vocabulary

43
Q

How does Clearfield et al. (2008) show motor experience is related to language?

A

Children = walk make more bids for communication to adults than same-age children who crawl

44
Q

How does Pruitt and Morini (2021) show motor experience is related to language

A

6-12yrs remember new vocal better if they exercise after learning words

Developmental Psychology (18 decks)

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