Intentional Communication Flashcards
What is intentional communication?
Communication w/ a distinct topic that is orientated to real/ conceptual objects or even
What is pre-intentional communication
Expressive (crying, laughing, babbling)
What is intentional?
Denotive or about something (words, pointing, reaching arms up to be picked up).
Types of developments occur in communication in the first year?
Vocal Production
Non-speech vocal communication (cries, laughter, squeals)
Speech and speech-like vocalisations
Perception
Phonemic discriminations
Manual gestures
Production of intentional gestures = pointing, begging, requests to be picked up
What happens in 0-2mths in babies in intentional development?
Shared alertness (Reflexes)
Social awakening = interested in inanimate objects + interacting with people
What happens in 2-6mths in babies in intentional development?
Interpersonal engagement (Primary Intersubjectivity: one on one interaction with the mother)
What happens in 6-9mths in babies in intentional development?
Joint objective involvement (Epoch of Games)
What happens in 9-10mths in babies in intentional development?
secondary intersubjectivity
Younger infants (e.g 6mths) fixate pointing hand
Attempts speech
Lose interest w/ interacting w/ people bc hand coordination improved + object focused.
Triadic communication between the mother, infant and object
What happens in 11-13mths in babies in intentional development?
Productive pointing relatively low levels of visual orientating towards social agent
What happens in 12mths in babies in intentional development?
First words
What happens in 14-15mths in babies in intentional development?
Productive pointing w/ visual checking of companions
Comprehends pointing, far objects
What do Adamson and Bateman (1991) argue?
When born = can’t be separated from mother
After 2 months = dyadic communication, interaction w/ mother + infant
After 6 months = triadic communication, interaction w/ mother, infant + objects
What happens in Leavens and Todd’s unpublished experiment?
Infant = seated in highchair next to mother who is sitting in a chair
Across the room, 2.5m = 2 dolls that can be animated from separate control rooms
6mths = look at mum’s reaction, doesn’t communicate what happened + passive
12mths = pointing to the dolls before experimenter leaves the room, child responds to waves goodbye + large response to animation of the doll
What is protoimperative pointing?
Pointing to demand/claim something
Describe the protoimperative pointing with an example
Goal-directed behaviour, blocked goal = reaching for an apple out of reach.
Attention-getting behaviour = looks to mum; if not looking, the child will cry = tailored for the attentional status of the mother
Response waiting = establishes eye contact w/ mother.
Referential/ directive (visual) gesture = using a pointing gesture to direct the adult’s attention to the apple
Demonstrates gaze alteration between goal + mother
If mother doesn’t respond = child will persist + elaborate gesturing
Describe the process of protoimperative pointing
Goal = delivery of food/object
Method = use of social partner
Reinforcer = delivery of item
Cognitive prerequisites = expectation that social partner will deliver requested items, based on past experiences; means-ends reasoning
What is protodeclarative pointing?
Pointing to comment
What is the lean interpretation of protodeclarative pointing?
Moore and Corkum (1994) = minority
Goal = affective response from caregiver (smiling)
Reinforcer = emotional signalling (e.g smile)
Cognitive prerequisites = expectation social partner will exhibit pos. emotion, based on past-experience, means end-reasoning
What is the process of the rich interpretation of protodeclarative pointing?
Tomasello (1995)
Goal = join attention to distal object
Reinforcer = successful joint attention
Cognitive prerequisites = ability to represent others as beings w/ second-order representational thought
Signifies that children understand social partners have social attributes for psychological relationships w/ objects in their shared perceptual space
What is the nativist view on pointing
Pointing is maturational and motivational.
Name evidence supporting the nativist view on pointing
Butterworth (2003)
Pointing = evolutionary adaption + functional precursor to linguistic reference bc it is biologically based + species-specific.
Before we identify topics w/ words we use gestures
Differences in grip preferences in chimps and humans contributed to diff. in pointing postures
Polvinelli and Davis (1994)
Chimps don’t point with an index = whole hand
Argued bc human hand is biochemically poised for index finger extension - supported by Butterworth (2001) who thought pointing was a specialised human capacity
Stems from Darwin (1872)
Opposite postures signal opposite emotions
Antithesis in communication
What are some critiques of the nativist perspective on pointing
Depends on rearing history
Language-trained appes point ↑ w/ index fingers than huamns E.g Leavens and Hopkins (1998;1999) = Human children show preference for whole hand pointing until 1 year old
Pointing w. whole hand is widespread human behaviour too = Kendon and Versante (2003)
What is the cognitive perspective on pointing?
It is computational and representational.
Describe supporting evidence for cognitive perspective on pointing.
Baron-Cohen (1995) = The clearest evidence for shared attention modules is gaze monitoring + protodeclaraticve pointing.
Tomasello (1995) = process of pointing e.g pointing w. alternation relies on understanding others as intentional agents w/ their own intentions + attentional focus points.
What happened in Liszkowski et al.’s study (2004) and how does it provide evidence for the rich interpretation of the cognitive perspective on pointing?
75 babies, 12mths old
Four conditions
- Joint attention (experimenter will turn to object, turn back + smile)
- Face (experimenter didn’t not turn head but smiled)
- Event (turned head but neutral face)
- Ignore (no head turn, neutral face
* Results - All trials except joint attention = significantly ↑ points (children got the response they wanted + satisfied their point was successful
- 12mths = understood attention + independent attentional perspective of others
What is some critiques of the cognitive perspective of pointing?
Moore and Corkum (1994)
* Babies could learn through operant conditioning
* Heads turn in Liszlowskis finding bc of the response from adult.
Findings are consistent with learning and representational accounts
* Liszkowskis findings ≠ challenge a learning based theoretical interpretation
What is the social learning perspective on protodeclarative pointing?
Babies point bc caregivers reliably respond w/ intense burst of pos. emotion to babies communicative efforts e.g smiling
Name evidence for the social learning perspective on pointing?
Adamson and Bakeman (1985)
* Babies (9-18mths) = pos. emotion during joint object play w/ their mothers
Kasari et al. (1990;1992)
* Babies 20-22mths = express ↑ pos. emotion joint attention than when requesting objects
