processes of connected speech and narrow phonetic transcription Flashcards

1
Q

Phonemes

A

abstract representations of the sounds that are in the mind of
speakers

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2
Q

Allophones

A

more concrete and precise representations of the sounds that are
really pronounced

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3
Q

evidence that two sounds are phonemes

A

Minimal pairs, since confusing them can change the meaning of a word

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4
Q

cream cake :
broad phonemic transcription vs narrow phonetic transcription

A

/ˈkriːm ˌkeɪk/

vs

[ˈkr̥ĩˑm ˌkʰeɪk]

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5
Q

Syllabic consonants

A

Final consonants (i.e. /n/ and /l/) that come to form syllables on their own and hence must be the centre of such syllables even though they are phonetically consonants.

When the schwa is elide in words like sudden and little, nasals and laterals are called syllabic consonants.

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6
Q

When, in narrow phonetic transcription, are syllabic consonants transcribed?

A

C + /ə/ + /l m n r/

consonant + schwa + phonemes /l/ - /m/ /n/ or /r/

/l/ – bottle /ˈbɒtəl/ or /ˈbɒtl/

/m/ –

/n/ – ˈkɒtən/or /ˈkɒtn/

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7
Q

Exception to syllabic consonant rule

A

The final /n/ does not become a syllable if the consonant preceding is preceded by nasal:

/n/ + C + /ə/ + /n/

/n/ is the exception: /n/ + C + /ə/ + /l/ is okay: mantel /ˈmæntl/

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8
Q

diacritic of syllabicity

A

is not marked in phonemic transcription, in slant brackets, only in square-bracketed phonetic transcriptions

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9
Q

Progressive assimilation of voice

A

assimilation in which a preceding sound has an effect on a following one, as in shortening captain to cap’m rather than cap’n

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10
Q

progressive assimilation with –(e)s and –(e)d suffixes

A

The suffix -(e)s is pronounced as
- /s/ after voiceless consonants: books
- /z/ after vowels and voiced consonants: cars, hands
- /ɪz/ after /s, z, ʃ, ʒ, ʧ, ʤ/: masses, matches

Voiceless consonants:
Bilabial: p (plosive)
Labiodental: f (fricative)
Dental: t (plosive) ð (fricative) -
Velar: k (plosive)

Voiced consonants:
Bilabial: b (plosive)
Labiodental: v (fricative)
Dental: d (plosive), θ (fricative), l (lateral fricative)
Velar: g (plosive)

e.g. moths/maths?

The suffix -(e)d is pronounced as
- /t/ after voiceless consonants, e.g. attacked
- /d/ after vowels and voiced consonants, e.g. tried, trained

NB: accompanied /əˈkʌmpənid/
- /ɪd/ after /t, d/: waited, mended
- NB: /ɪd/ in adjectives such as: wicked, beloved
- NB: -edly /ɪdli/: markedly, supposedly

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11
Q

Linking r (SBE only!)

A

Orthographic r which links two words ending in a
vowel and starting in a vowel

The rear of the car. /ðə ˈrɪər əv ðə ˈkɑː/

Poor Ann! /ˈpʊər ˈæn/

Or he did. /ɔːr i ˈdɪd/

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12
Q

Which processes of connected speech are to be marked only in phonetic (narrow) transcriptions ?

A

Intrusive r, Linking j, Linking w, epenthesis, elision, compression, assimilation (progressive, regressive, reciprocal) (7)

linking R is a process of connected speech, but it is orthographic and marked in broad (phonemic)

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13
Q

Intrusive r

A

Non-orthographic r which links two words ending in a non-high
vowel and starting in a vowel

I saw an animal [aɪ ˈsɔː r ən ˈænɪml]
drawing [ˈdrɔːrɪŋ]

*stigmatised: do not use it in phonemic transcr.!

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14
Q

Linking j

A

occurs between a high front vowel and another

i.e. /iː/ /ɪ/ /eɪ/ /aɪ/ /ɔɪ/ + another vowel

They are [ðeɪ j ɑː]
I see a man [aɪ ˈsiː j ə ˈmæn]

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15
Q

high front vowels

A

/iː/ /ɪ/ /eɪ/ /aɪ/ /ɔɪ/ – corner top left of vowel chart

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16
Q

Linking w

A

occur between a high back vowel
i.e. /uː/ /ʊ/ /əʊ/ /aʊ/ + another vowel

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17
Q

Linking w

A

occur between a high back vowel
e.g. (/uː/ /ʊ/ /əʊ/ /aʊ/) + another vowel

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18
Q

high back vowels

A

/uː/ /ʊ/ /əʊ/ /aʊ/

top right corner of vowel chart

How often [ˈhaʊ w ˈɒfn]
The cow and the pig [ðə ˈkaʊ w ən ðə ˈpɪg]

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19
Q

Epenthesis

A

A plosive inserted between a nasal and a homorganic
voiceless fricative

  • dance [ˈdɑːnts]
  • prince [ˈprɪnts] (becomes a homophone of ‘prints’)
  • triumph [ˈtraɪʌmpf]
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20
Q

Elision

A

a plosive deleted when preceded by a nasal and followed by
another consonant

e.g.

  • jumped [ˈdʒʌm(p)t]
  • glimpse [ˈglɪm(p)s]
  • thanks [ˈθæŋ(k)s]
  • grounds [ˈgraʊn(d)z]

**/t/ can be deleted across words if preceded and followed by another consonant
next door [ˈneks(t) ˈdɔː]
- mashed potato [ˈmæʃ(t) pəˈteɪtəʊ]

**/ə/ can be deleted in post-tonic word-medial position
- different [ˈdɪfrnt]
- chocolate [ˈtʃɒklət]
- camera [ˈkæmrə]
- elaborate [ɪˈlæbrət]

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21
Q

Compression

A

/i/ and /u/ can become /j/ and /w/ before an unstressed V

  • obedient /əˈbiːdiənt/ → [əˈbiːdjənt]
  • annual /ˈænjuəl / → [ˈænjwəl]
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22
Q

Smoothing

A

Particular type of compression taking place with triphthongs

Triphthongs /aʊə, aɪə, eɪə/ may be realized as /aə, aə, eə/

e.g.
- hour /aʊə/ → [aə]
- fire /faɪə/ → [faə]
- Player /pleɪə/ → [pleə]

NB: tyre - tower become homophones if smoothed: [taə]

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23
Q

Assimilation

A

when a phoneme becomes more similar to an
adjacent phoneme.

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24
Q

types of assimilation

A
  • Regressive (from right to left: <– )
  • Progressive (from left to right: →)
  • Reciprocal (from left to right and from right to left: →<–)
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25
Q

Assimilation can involve any feature of a consonant

A

-voice
-place of articulation
-manner of articulation

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26
Q

Regressive assimilation of voice

A

Assimilation of voice happens when a voiced fricative (/v, ð, z,
ʒ/) or plosive (/b, d, g/) becomes voiceless (respectively /f, θ, s,
ʃ/ and /p, t, k/) due to the following consonant being voiceless.

27
Q

example of exception to the syllabic consonant rule

A

/n/ is the exception: /n/ + C + /ə/ + /l/ is okay: mantel /ˈmæntl/

28
Q

example of regressive assimilation of voice

A
  • I have to go /aɪ ˈhæv tə ˈgəʊ/ → [aɪ ˈhæf tə ˈgəʊ]
  • with Pete /wɪð ˈpiːt/ → [wɪθ ˈpiːt]
  • of Keith /əv ˈkiːθ/ → [əf ˈkiːθ]
  • Subsidy /ˈsʌbsɪdi/ → [ˈsʌpsɪdi]
29
Q

Regressive assimilation of place

A
  • assimilation of /n/ to the place of articulation of the following consonant
  • assimilation of word-final /t, d/ to the place of articulation of the following consonant
  • assimilation of /s/ /z/ to the place of articulation of /ʃ/
30
Q

examples of regressive assimilation of /n/ to the place of articulation of the following consonant

A
  • unbalanced /ˌʌnˈbælnst/ → [ˌʌmˈbælnst ]
  • incorrect /ˌɪnkəˈrekt/ → [ˌɪŋkəˈrekt ]

N.B. (also across word boundaries) in my office /ɪn maɪ ˈɒfɪs/ → [ ɪm maɪ ˈɒfɪs ]

31
Q

homorganic nasal assimilation rule

A

the point of articulation of the initial sound being assimilated by the last sound in a prefix

32
Q

examples of regressive assimilation of word-final /t, d/ to the place of articulation of the following consonant

A
  • that coat /ˈðæt ˈkəʊt/ → [ ˈðæk ˈkəʊt ]
  • bad boy /ˈbæd ˈbɔɪ/ → [ ˈbæb ˈbɔɪ ]
33
Q

examples of regressive assimilation of /s/ /z/ to the place of articulation of /ʃ/

A
  1. this ship /ðɪs ˈʃɪp/→ [ ˈðɪʃ ˈʃɪp ]
  2. these ships /ðiːz ˈʃɪps/ → [ ˈðiːʒ ˈʃɪps ] (→ voice assim.: [ ˈðiːʃ ˈʃɪps ] )
34
Q

Progressive assimilation of place

A

Word-final /n/ can assimilate to the place of articulation of
preceding plosives

35
Q

examples of the assimilation of the word-final /n/ to the place of articulation of a preceding plosive

A
  • Ribbon /ˈrɪbn/ → [ˈrɪbm̩]
  • open /ˈəʊpn/ → [ˈəʊpm̩]
  • reckon /ˈrekn/ → [ˈrekŋ̩]
  • bacon /ˈbeɪkn/ → [ˈbeɪkŋ̩]
36
Q

In what case progressive assimilation is progressive assimilation blocked?

A

It is blocked if a vowel precedes or follows

-open [ˈəʊpən], opening [ˈəʊpnɪŋ]
-reckon [ˈrekən], reckoning [ˈreknɪŋ]

37
Q

Reciprocal assimilation
(=coalescence, palatalisation)

A

combination of /t, d, s, z/ with /j/ resulting in /tʃ, dʒ, ʃ, ʒ/ respectively, especially (but not exclusively) across words

38
Q

examples of coalescence (palatalisation)?

A
  • what you /ˈwɒt ju/ → [ˈwɒtʃu]
  • did you /ˈdɪd ju/ → [ˈdɪdʒu]
  • virtue /ˈvɜːtju/ → [ˈvɜːtʃu]
  • educate /ˈedjukeɪt/ → [ˈedʒukeɪt]
  • issue /ˈɪsju/ → [ˈɪʃu]
  • situation /ˌsɪtjuˈeɪʃn/ → [ˌsɪtʃuˈeɪʃn]
39
Q

Allophones to be used in narrow phonetic transcriptions

A
  1. Allophones of /r/: [ɹ] (SBE, by default), ɻ for GA (which uses a retroflex approximant instead of postalveolar approximant)
  2. Aspiration of voiceless plosives /p, t, k/ if followed by a stressed V
  3. Dark vs clear /l/
  4. Glottal stops
  5. Long vs clipped vowels [i.e. pre-fortis clipping
40
Q

Why should the /r/ should be transcribed as [ɹ] ?

A

Because [ɹ] indicates a postalveolar approximant (i.e. the real
nature of the English rhotic consonant), while [r] indicates a trill
(typical of Spanish and Italian).

41
Q

Examples of [ɹ]?

A

red [ˈɹed], rotten [ˈɹɒtn̩], Harry [ˈhæɹi]

42
Q

Is [ɹ] (postalveolar approximant) used in General American English?

A

No, for GA, use [ɻ] (retroflex approximant) instead of [ɹ] (postalveolar approximant): red [ˈɻed], rotten [ˈɻɑːtn̩], Harry [ˈheɻi]

43
Q

When is the [ɹ] realized as a tap?

A

When it follows a dental fricative, /θ/ or /ð/, as in:

thrill [ˈθɾɪl̴], through [θɾu:]

44
Q

voiceless plosives

A

/p/

/t/

/k/

45
Q

When are voiceless plosives aspirated?

A

When they are followed by a stressed vowel

46
Q

Examples of the aspiration of voiceless plosives following stressed vowels?

A
  1. take [ˈtʰeɪk] (aspirated) vs taboo [təˈbuː] (unaspirated)
  2. pan [ˈpʰæn] (aspirated), but pacific [pəˈsɪfɪk] (unaspirated)
47
Q

Are there any instances in which the aspiration of a voiceless /p/, /t/, or /k/ is blocked despite following a stressed vowel?

A

Yes! If preceded by an /s/, the plosive is unaspirated!

steak [ˈsteɪk] (unaspirated)
span [ˈspæn] (unaspirated)

48
Q

clear /l/

A

-alveolar l
-precedes a vowel
-the /l/ sound in which the back of the tongue is not raised

e.g. late, alive

49
Q

dark /l/

A

-velarized l
-before a consonant or word-finally
-an /l/ sound in which the back of the tongue is raised slightly

e.g. well, help

marked differently

-well [ˈweɫ]
-Welsh [ˈweɫʃ]

50
Q

What is a glottal stop?

A

tight closure of the larynx → corresponds to a period of silence, not an ellision/syllabic consonant. Syllabic silence.

51
Q

When are glottal stops used?

A

Syllable-final /t/ can be replaced by /ʔ/ if followed by another
consonant

52
Q

Examples of glottal stops?

A

-football /ˈfʊʔbɔːl/, nutshell /ˈnʌʔʃel/
-(also before a syllabic consonant) button /ˈbʌʔn/, bottle /ˈbɒʔl/
-(also at word boundary) at the /əʔ ðə/, that chair /ˈðæʔ ˈtʃeə/

In other contexts, glottal stops are stigmatised and should
therefore be avoided:
- water /ˈwɔːtə/, rather than [ˈwɔːʔə]
- at a party /ət ə ˈpɑːti/, rather than [əʔ ə ˈpɑːʔi]

53
Q

How are glottal stops transcribed?

A

[ʔ]

54
Q

What is pre-fortis clipping?

A

The shortening [clipping] of long vowels before a voiceless consonant.

55
Q

Examples of pre-fortis clipping?

A

feet [ˈfiˑt] vs. feed [ˈfiːd]
meet [ˈmiˑt] vs mead [ˈmiːd]

56
Q

Which consonants are voiceless?

A

/p/
/t/
/k/
/f/
/θ/
/s/
/ʃ/ (sh)
/h/
/ʧ/ (ch)

Bilabial: p (plosive)
Labiodental: f (fricative)
Dental: t (plosive) ð (fricative) -
Velar: k (plosive)

57
Q

Which allophones result from assimilations?

A
  1. devoiced /l, r, j, w/
  2. nasalized vowels
58
Q

When are /l, r, j, w/ devoiced?

A

When following a voiceless consonant.

59
Q

Examples of devoiced /l, r, j, w/ ?

A
  • trout [ˈtɹ̥aʊt]
  • plenty [ˈpl̥enti]
  • pure [ˈpj̥ʊə]
  • slaughter [ˈsl̥ɔːtə]

(Note that the plosives here should be aspirated; but aspiration takes the form of devoicing if an approximant is present.)

60
Q

When are vowels nasalized?

A

Anytime they precede or follow a nasal sound.

61
Q

Examples of nasalization?

A

gone [ˈgɒ̃n]
manner [ˈmæ̃nə]

62
Q

How is nasalization transcribed?

A

By inserting a tilde over the vowel phoneme, e.g. [ɒ̃] or [æ̃]

63
Q

How is devoicing transcribed?

A

By inserting a vertical line underneath the devoiced consonant, e.g. [ɹ̥, j̥, l̥]