processes of connected speech and narrow phonetic transcription Flashcards
Phonemes
abstract representations of the sounds that are in the mind of
speakers
Allophones
more concrete and precise representations of the sounds that are
really pronounced
evidence that two sounds are phonemes
Minimal pairs, since confusing them can change the meaning of a word
cream cake :
broad phonemic transcription vs narrow phonetic transcription
/ˈkriːm ˌkeɪk/
vs
[ˈkr̥ĩˑm ˌkʰeɪk]
Syllabic consonants
Final consonants (i.e. /n/ and /l/) that come to form syllables on their own and hence must be the centre of such syllables even though they are phonetically consonants.
When the schwa is elide in words like sudden and little, nasals and laterals are called syllabic consonants.
When, in narrow phonetic transcription, are syllabic consonants transcribed?
C + /ə/ + /l m n r/
consonant + schwa + phonemes /l/ - /m/ /n/ or /r/
/l/ – bottle /ˈbɒtəl/ or /ˈbɒtl/
/m/ –
/n/ – ˈkɒtən/or /ˈkɒtn/
Exception to syllabic consonant rule
The final /n/ does not become a syllable if the consonant preceding is preceded by nasal:
/n/ + C + /ə/ + /n/
/n/ is the exception: /n/ + C + /ə/ + /l/ is okay: mantel /ˈmæntl/
diacritic of syllabicity
is not marked in phonemic transcription, in slant brackets, only in square-bracketed phonetic transcriptions
Progressive assimilation of voice
assimilation in which a preceding sound has an effect on a following one, as in shortening captain to cap’m rather than cap’n
progressive assimilation with –(e)s and –(e)d suffixes
The suffix -(e)s is pronounced as
- /s/ after voiceless consonants: books
- /z/ after vowels and voiced consonants: cars, hands
- /ɪz/ after /s, z, ʃ, ʒ, ʧ, ʤ/: masses, matches
Voiceless consonants:
Bilabial: p (plosive)
Labiodental: f (fricative)
Dental: t (plosive) ð (fricative) -
Velar: k (plosive)
Voiced consonants:
Bilabial: b (plosive)
Labiodental: v (fricative)
Dental: d (plosive), θ (fricative), l (lateral fricative)
Velar: g (plosive)
e.g. moths/maths?
The suffix -(e)d is pronounced as
- /t/ after voiceless consonants, e.g. attacked
- /d/ after vowels and voiced consonants, e.g. tried, trained
NB: accompanied /əˈkʌmpənid/
- /ɪd/ after /t, d/: waited, mended
- NB: /ɪd/ in adjectives such as: wicked, beloved
- NB: -edly /ɪdli/: markedly, supposedly
Linking r (SBE only!)
Orthographic r which links two words ending in a
vowel and starting in a vowel
The rear of the car. /ðə ˈrɪər əv ðə ˈkɑː/
Poor Ann! /ˈpʊər ˈæn/
Or he did. /ɔːr i ˈdɪd/
Which processes of connected speech are to be marked only in phonetic (narrow) transcriptions ?
Intrusive r, Linking j, Linking w, epenthesis, elision, compression, assimilation (progressive, regressive, reciprocal) (7)
linking R is a process of connected speech, but it is orthographic and marked in broad (phonemic)
Intrusive r
Non-orthographic r which links two words ending in a non-high
vowel and starting in a vowel
I saw an animal [aɪ ˈsɔː r ən ˈænɪml]
drawing [ˈdrɔːrɪŋ]
*stigmatised: do not use it in phonemic transcr.!
Linking j
occurs between a high front vowel and another
i.e. /iː/ /ɪ/ /eɪ/ /aɪ/ /ɔɪ/ + another vowel
They are [ðeɪ j ɑː]
I see a man [aɪ ˈsiː j ə ˈmæn]
high front vowels
/iː/ /ɪ/ /eɪ/ /aɪ/ /ɔɪ/ – corner top left of vowel chart
Linking w
occur between a high back vowel
i.e. /uː/ /ʊ/ /əʊ/ /aʊ/ + another vowel
Linking w
occur between a high back vowel
e.g. (/uː/ /ʊ/ /əʊ/ /aʊ/) + another vowel
high back vowels
/uː/ /ʊ/ /əʊ/ /aʊ/
top right corner of vowel chart
How often [ˈhaʊ w ˈɒfn]
The cow and the pig [ðə ˈkaʊ w ən ðə ˈpɪg]
Epenthesis
A plosive inserted between a nasal and a homorganic
voiceless fricative
- dance [ˈdɑːnts]
- prince [ˈprɪnts] (becomes a homophone of ‘prints’)
- triumph [ˈtraɪʌmpf]
Elision
a plosive deleted when preceded by a nasal and followed by
another consonant
e.g.
- jumped [ˈdʒʌm(p)t]
- glimpse [ˈglɪm(p)s]
- thanks [ˈθæŋ(k)s]
- grounds [ˈgraʊn(d)z]
**/t/ can be deleted across words if preceded and followed by another consonant
next door [ˈneks(t) ˈdɔː]
- mashed potato [ˈmæʃ(t) pəˈteɪtəʊ]
**/ə/ can be deleted in post-tonic word-medial position
- different [ˈdɪfrnt]
- chocolate [ˈtʃɒklət]
- camera [ˈkæmrə]
- elaborate [ɪˈlæbrət]
Compression
/i/ and /u/ can become /j/ and /w/ before an unstressed V
- obedient /əˈbiːdiənt/ → [əˈbiːdjənt]
- annual /ˈænjuəl / → [ˈænjwəl]
Smoothing
Particular type of compression taking place with triphthongs
Triphthongs /aʊə, aɪə, eɪə/ may be realized as /aə, aə, eə/
e.g.
- hour /aʊə/ → [aə]
- fire /faɪə/ → [faə]
- Player /pleɪə/ → [pleə]
NB: tyre - tower become homophones if smoothed: [taə]
Assimilation
when a phoneme becomes more similar to an
adjacent phoneme.
types of assimilation
- Regressive (from right to left: <– )
- Progressive (from left to right: →)
- Reciprocal (from left to right and from right to left: →<–)
Assimilation can involve any feature of a consonant
-voice
-place of articulation
-manner of articulation