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phno > primary stress > Flashcards

primary stress Flashcards

1
Q

Does the word have a separable prefix?

A

Yes? Secondary stress, then proceed without.
No? Proceed to weak suffix.

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1
Q

Does the word have a weak suffix?

A

Yes? Take them away and proceed
No? Proceed to strong suffix.

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2
Q

Does the word have a strong suffix?

A

Yes? Rightmost strong suffix imposes primary stress.
No? Proceed with analysis of the stem.

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3
Q

Analysis of the stem

A

1 syllable: /1/

2 syllables: /10/ for nouns or other words without fake prefix
/01/ doe non-nouns with fake prefix

3 syllables: /100/, except verbs with fake prefixes and Italianate words

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4
Q

The role of prefixes on word stress

A

prefixes can be true (separable) or false (inseparable). If they are true prefixes, they get secondary stress, and then you would need to proceed with the analysis of the rest of the word (i.e. analysis of weak then strong suffixes + syllable count)

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5
Q

true prefix

A

if it is separable, it is a true prefix

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6
Q

true (separable) prefixes

A
  • Pre-paid
  • Re-build, re-do
  • Anti-climax, anti-social
  • Ab-normal
  • In-consistent, in-definite
  • De-intoxicate, de-bug
  • Un-do, un-natural
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7
Q

fake prefix

A

if it is inseparable (i.e. meaningless), it is a fake prefix

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8
Q

fake (inseparable) prefixes

A
  • Pre-fer, pre-cede, pre-tend
  • Re-fer, re-ject, re-cord
  • Anti-cipate
  • Ab-breviation
  • In-cident, in-fer, in-sult
  • De-tach, de-clare
  • Un-less
  • Pro-test, pro-nounce,
  • Super-vise
  • Over-come De-tach, de-clare
  • Un-less
  • Pro-test, pro-nounce,
  • Super-vise
  • Over-come
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9
Q

Effect of prefixes on word stress

A
  1. Yes, true (separable) prefixes :

secondary stress on the prefix & proceed with analysis of the root, e.g.
/,pre’paid/
/,re’build/
/,anti’climax/
/,ab’normal/
/,de’populate/
/,disem’bark/
/,un’natural/
NB that the vowel of a true prefix is not reduced, meaning it’s always strong.
Then, ask if there is a weak suffix?

  1. No? If there is no separable/true prefix, proceed, asking if there is a weak suffix?
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10
Q

After examining the prefix, which part of the word should be analyzed?

A

Whether the word has a WEAK suffix

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11
Q

What is the role of weak suffixes on word stress?

A

Weak suffixes do not affect
stress assignment. But strong suffixes do affect stress assignment (usually on the previous syllable).

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12
Q

Weak suffixes (do not interfere with stress)
[list]

A

 -able*
 -en
 -er/or/ar
 -ern
 -ess
 -ful
 -hood
 -ism,-ist
 -ish (excl. verbs)
 -ise/ize
 -less
 -like
 -ly
 -man
 -ment
 -ness
 -some
 -ward(s)
 -age
 -ful
 -y
 -dom
 -ty

*exceptions for -able:
‘preferable,‘admirable.

*do not interfere with stress

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13
Q

weak suffixes (example words)

A

fashionable, comfortable
*exceptions for -able:
‘preferable,‘admirable.
frighten, brighten, wooden
singer, sailor, liar
western
goddess
beautiful, fruitful
childhood, manhood
racism, racist
Yellowish, childish
realise, anglicise, recognise
fearless
businesslike
happily, sadly
policeman
punishment, excitement
happiness, sadness
lonesome, quarrelsome
afterwards

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14
Q

weak suffixes (example words)

A

fashionable, comfortable
*exceptions for -able: ‘preferable,‘admirable.
frighten, brighten, wooden
singer, sailor, liar
western
goddess
beautiful, fruitful
childhood, manhood
racism, racist
Yellowish, childish
realise, anglicise, recognise
fearless
businesslike
happily, sadly
policeman
punishment, excitement
happiness, sadness
lonesome, quarrelsome
afterwards

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15
Q

-ist, -ism, -y

A

tend to impose
/100/ in learned compounds (cf.
mixed suffix -ous): ventriloquist,
photography, metabolism, …

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16
Q

Inflectional suffixes

A
  • -s/es
  • -ed
  • -ing
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17
Q

*exceptions for -able:

A

‘preferable,‘admirable.

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18
Q

List of strong endings
(impose stress on the previous syllable)

A

 -ic(s)
 -ity/ety, -ify/efy
 -ible/-igible
 -ish (verbs only)
 -sive
 -ulous
 -acal/inal

-ion family: i/e/u + V + (C)
 -ion
 -ial/-eal
 -ian/-ean
 -iar
 -ium
 -ient
 -eous/-uous
 -ual

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19
Q

weak suffixes (example words)

A

phonetics
variety, stupefy
comprehensible
establish
impressive
fabulous
maniacal, criminal

But: Arabic, catholic, lunatic, politics, …
But: impoverish
But: relative

information
artificial
Martian
peculiar
aluminium
convenient, proficient
courageous
individual

But: television (Greek compound)
But: ideal
But: European, Caribbean
But: spiritual

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20
Q

List of stressed endings
(impose stress on themselves)

A

 -oo(C)
 -ee, -eer
 -ese
 -ade
 -ette
 -aire
 -self/selves
 -ique/oque
 -esque
 -eur/euse
 -ever
 -teen
 -oidal
 -itis/-osis/-oma

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21
Q

list of words with stressed endings (self-imposed stress)

A

shampoo, balloon
agree, refugee, engineer
Chinese, Japanese
persuade, parade
cigarette, brunette
millionaire, questionnaire
yourself, yourselves
unique, antique, baroque
picturesque
entrepreneur, danseur
however
seventeen, eighteen
ellipsoidal, spheroidal
arthritis, tuberculosis,
hepatoma

But: ˈcuckoo, ˈLiverpool
But: ˈcoffee, ˈtoffee, coˈmmittee
But: ˈdecade, ˈmarmalade
But: ˈetiquette, ˈomelette
But: metaˈmorphosis

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22
Q

More than one strong suffix

A

 In the presence of 2 ore more strong suffixes, the
placement of primary stress will be determined by the
rightmost of them:
 in electr-ic-ian stress is determined by -ian,
 in impress-ion-ist-ic stress is determined by -ic.

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23
Q

-ATE ending (strong but special)
-2 syllables
-is a verb

A

01
creˈate

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24
Q

-ATE ending (strong but special)
-2 syllables
-is not a verb

A

10
ˈSenate

But: 01
debate,
estate,
innate

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25
Q

-ATE ending (strong but special)
-greater than 2 syllables
-is a verb

A

-100 (/eɪt/)
eˈliminate

But: 1000
peregrinate,
tergiversate

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26
Q

-ATE ending (strong but special)
-greater than 2 syllables
-is not a verb

A

100 (/ət/)
ˈaccurate

But: 010
alternate (adj.)

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27
Q

Mixed suffixes
al, -ent/-ence, -ant/-ance, -ine, -ive, -oid, -ous

If preceded by a cluster:

A

they impose /-10/: triˈumphal, segˈmental, paˈrental, adoˈlescent, insˈtinctive, treˈmendous.

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28
Q

Mixed suffixes
al, -ent/-ence, -ant/-ance, -ine, -ive, -oid, -ous

If not preceded by a cluster:

A

– they impose /-100/ in opaque derivation: ˈgenerous, ˈmaintenance,
aˈnalogous.

–they are weak in transparent derivation: ˈmountain-ous, ˈodour-ous,
ˈpoison-ous, proˈfession-al, eduˈcation-al, eˈlectric-al, ˈmetric-al.

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29
Q

Mixed suffixes -ous and -y impose

A

/100/ for learned compounds (greek origin):
 phoˈtography, diˈchotomous, floˈriferous, aˈnalogous.

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30
Q

stress pattern, if strong suffix(es)?

A

rightmost suffix imposes primary stress

31
Q

Give the stress pattern of the following
words and justify

A

(Agreg 2018)
1. Refrigerator, unclasped, spiritual.
2. Obviously, invitation, overdo, ironically, associate, punctually.
3. Overgentleness, humiliated, javelin.

32
Q

The placement of stress on the
stem

A
33
Q

Monosyllabic stems

A

 dog
 friend
 boot
 grass
 bed
 floor

Incl. stems of prefixed words
 (ˌpre)ˈpaid
 (ˌre)ˈbuild
 (ˌun)ˈdo
 (ˌun)ˈkind

34
Q

Disyllabic nouns

A

NOUNS → /10/
Examples
accent
outskirts
product
surface
fortune
refuge
distance
insect
secret
colleague
province

35
Q

Disyllabic nouns - exceptions

A

From French
affair
dessert
collage
machine
montage
police
prestige
rapport
regime
remorse
resource
defence
response

Other
advice
constraint
expense
relief
extent
belief
deceit
pursuit
complaint

many exceptions, often
borrowed from French
/01/

36
Q

Disyllabic non-nouns with fake prefixes

A

Verbs, Adjectives, Adverbs, Prepositions, Conjunctions

general trend
/01/

37
Q

Disyllabic verbs with fake prefixes

A

/01/

Examples
admit
begin
become
complain
defend

BUT
process, revel,
conjure, etc.

38
Q

Disyllabic adjectives with fake prefixes

A

/01/

Examples
complete
intense
precise
BUT
absent,
expert, perfect,
complex, etc.

39
Q

Disyllabic adverbs with fake prefixes

A

/01/

Examples
perhaps
instead
before

BUT
backward,
forward, inward,
outward

40
Q

Disyllabic prepositions with fake prefixes

A

/01/

Examples
above
below
until
beside
about

41
Q

Disyllabic conjunctions with fake prefixes

A

/01/

Examples
because
although
unless
whereas

42
Q

Disyllabic non-nouns without fake prefix

A

Verbs, Adjectives, Adverbs, Prepositions, Conjunctions

general trend
/10/

43
Q

Disyllabic verbs without fake prefixes

A

/10/

Examples
follow
murder
borrow
cancel
hurry

But /01/ -ent:
frequent, torment,
segment, etc.

44
Q

Disyllabic adjectives without fake prefixes

A

/10/

Examples
silly
ugly
simple
solid
hungry

But:
austere, divine,
severe, naive, etc

45
Q

Disyllabic adverbs without fake prefixes

A

/10/

Examples
often
rather
never
very
always

46
Q

Disyllabic prepositions without fake prefixes

A

/10/

Examples
after
under
over
during

47
Q

Disyllabic conjunctions without fake prefixes

A

/10/

Examples
whether
(n)either

48
Q

Polyfunctional disyllabic words with
stress alternation

A

NOUN 10
VERB 01

49
Q

Polyfunctional disyllabic words with
stress alternation NOUN 10, VERB 01.

A

 abstract
 accent
 addict
 conduct
 conflict
 contest
 contract
 contrast
 convict
 desert
 decrease
 increase
 discount
 escort
 export
 import
 extract
 frequent
 insert
 insult
 object
 perfect
 permit
 present
 produce
 progress
 project
 protest
 rebel
 record
 segment
 subject
 survey
 suspect
 transfer

50
Q

Polyfunctional disyllabic words without
stress alternation

A

fixed /01/

 abuse
 amount
 decline
 desire
 patrol
 excuse
 reform
 reply
 retreat
 reward
 appeal
 attack
 command
 defeat
 display
 report
 return
 account
 approach
 attempt
 concern
 delay
 regard
 revenge
 array
 consent
 distress
 escape
 regret
 reproach
 respect
 supply
 arrest
 award
 control
 esteem
 mistake
 request
 result
 support

51
Q

Polyfunctional disyllabic words without stress alternation

A

fixed /10/

 balance
 offer
 exit
 issue
 profit
 rescue
 surface
 capture
 forecast
 pardon
 programme
 combat
 promise
 transit
 comfort
 envy
 forfeit
 preview
 trespass
 comment
 exile
 invoice
 outline
 process
 challenge

52
Q

General trend for trisyllabic stems

A

/100/

53
Q

General trend for trisyllabic stems –
Most trisyllabic stems are pronounced as /-100/

A

alcohol, ˈalphabet, ˈappetite, ˈapricot, ˈbenefit, ˈcamera, ˈcinema,
ˈenvelope, etc.

54
Q

trisyllabic stems subrule for words with pre-final consonant cluster

A

aˈgenda, adˈvantage, adˈventure, aˈpprentice, conˈsensus, disˈaster,
uˈtensil. (but: ˈfaculty, ˈindustry, ˈcharacter, ˈexcellent, etc.)

55
Q

trisyllabic stems subrule for Italianate words (ending in a V other than -y)

A

/-010/
alˈbino, arˈmada, avoˈcado, baˈnana, balleˈrina, biˈkini, kaˈrate,
mosˈquito, poˈtato, toˈmato, soˈnata, torˈnado, volˈcano.

56
Q

trisyllabic stems subrule for verbs with fake prefix

A

Stress goes on the first syllable after the fake prefix:

conˈsider, deˈtermine, enˈtitle, conˈtinue, deˈvelop, conˈtribute,
disˈcover, deˈliver, disˈtribute, reˈcover

57
Q

trisyllabic stems subrule for verbs with fake prefix – can some verbs have disyllabic prefixes?

A

yes

NB: some prefixes can have two syllables:
ˌintroˈduce, ˌcontraˈdict, ˌunderˈstand.

58
Q

trisyllabic stems subrule for verbs with fake prefix – is it possible for verbs to have 2 fake prefixes?

A

ˌyes – two fake prefixes:

dis-a-ˈllow, ˌre-pre-ˈsent, ˌco-in-ˈcide, ˌdis-a-ˈppoint, ˌre-pro-ˈduce, ˌre-com-ˈmend

59
Q

Secondary stress is needed if

A

if prefixes have 2 syllables or
more

polyfunctional trisyllabic words with stress alternation: attribute, envelope, reprimand, interchange, compliment, supplement, prophesy

60
Q

opaque derivation

A

/-100/ is imposed by weak suffixes (-al, -ent/-ence, -ant/-ance, -ine, -ive, -oid, -ous)

e.g. : ˈgenerous, ˈmaintenance,
aˈnalogous

61
Q

transparent derivation

A

mixed suffixes (-al, -ent/-ence, -ant/-ance, -ine, -ive, -oid, -ous) are weak:

ˈmountain-ous, ˈodour-ous,
ˈpoison-ous, proˈfession-al, eduˈcation-al, eˈlectric-al, ˈmetric-al.

62
Q

General stress pattern rule for compound adjectives

A

/2 1/

  • long-aˈwaited
  • ˌhome-ˈgrown
  • ˌskin-ˈdeep
  • ˌblue-ˈeyed
  • ˌfar ˈreaching
  • ˌsky ˈblue
  • ˌdark ˈgreen
  • ˌgood ˈlooking
  • ˌstone ˈdeaf
  • ˌcross-ˈcountry
63
Q

General stress pattern rule for compound adjectives

A

/2 1/

  • long-aˈwaited
  • ˌhome-ˈgrown
  • ˌskin-ˈdeep
  • ˌblue-ˈeyed
  • ˌfar ˈreaching
  • ˌsky ˈblue
  • ˌdark ˈgreen
  • ˌgood ˈlooking
  • ˌstone ˈdeaf
  • ˌcross-ˈcountry
  • ˌlast-ˈminute
  • ˌuser-ˈfriendly
64
Q

Which compound adjectives are prone to stress shift?

A

Compounds of which element 1 is an argument of element 2:

  1. Object
  • breath-ˌtaking (which takes the breath)
  • ˈheart-ˌbreaking (which breaks the heart)
  1. Agent
  • suntanned (tanned by the sun)**
  • ˈweather-ˌbeaten (beaten by the sun)
  1. Prepositional Complement

-ˈhomesick (sick for home)**

-ˈblood-ˌthirsty (thirsty for blood)

But -free is usually 2 1: ˌduty-ˈfree, ˌtax-ˈfree, ˌfat-ˈfree

**disyllabic
compounds with /12/
lose sec. stress → /10/

65
Q

General stress pattern rule for compound verbs

A

/1 2/

  • ˈbabysit*
  • ˈbadmouth**
  • ˈside track**

*LPD has no sec.
stress for the words in
green since the 2nd item is
monosyllabic!

**disyllabic
compounds with /12/
lose sec. stress → /10/.

66
Q

Stress pattern for compound verbs with an adverbial particle (≈prefix) + verb →

A

/2 1/

  • ˌdownˈgrade
  • ˌbackˈfire
  • ˌoutˈnumber
  • ˌunderˈgo
67
Q

Stress pattern for phrasal verbs?

A

/2 1/

  • ˌturn ˈon
  • ˌturn ˈdown
  • ˌgo ˈthrough
68
Q

Iambic reversal rule

A

In connected speech, when 2 stresses are found too close to each other, we have a stress clash. This usually happens with words stressed on the last syllable

69
Q

How are stress clashes avoided?

A

The primary and secondary stresses can be swapped (and then downgraded in the weak element of a compound of phrase):

  • He is ˌfourˈteen / ˈFourˌteen ˈboys → ˌFourteen ˈboys
  • That boy is ˌJapaˈnese / The ˈJapaˌnese ˈboy →The ˌJapanese ˈboy
  • In the ˌafterˈnoon / ˈAfterˌnoon ˈtea → ˌAfternoon ˈtea
  • They are ˌoutˈside / The ˈoutˌside ˈworld → The ˌoutside ˈworld
  • The access is ˌdiˈrect / ˈDiˌrect ˈaccess → ˌDirect ˈaccess

In some cases also across 2 syllables:
- ˌPiccaˈdilly / ˈPiccaˌdilly ˈCircus → ˌPiccadilly ˈCircus
- ˌWestˈminster / ˈWestˌminster ˈAbbey → ˌWestminster ˈAbbey

70
Q

Nested compound

A

compounds made of other compounds

71
Q

Stress pattern for nested compounds

A

One primary stress, and potentially secondary / tertiary stresses.

Secondary and tertiary stresses result from the downgrading of the original stresses of each item

Football team → [ [ 1 ] [ 1 ] [ 1 ] ] → [ [ 1 0 ] [ 1 ] ] → [ 1 0 2 ]

72
Q

Accentuation pattern for ‘beautiful Chinese vases’

A

[ [ adj ] + [ adj + noun ] ] →
[ [ 1 0 0 ] [ 2 1 ] [ 1 0 ] ] → [ [ 1 0 0 ] [ 2 1 1 0 ] ] →
[ [ 1 0 0 ] [ 2 3 1 0 ] ] → [ 2 0 0 3 0 1 0 ] ]

73
Q

Accentuation pattern for ‘Baker Street police station’

A

[[noun+noun]] [[noun+noun]] → [ [ 1 0 ] [ 1 ] [ 0 1 ] [ 1 0 ] ] → [ [ 1 0 2 ] [ 0 1 2 0 ] ] →
[ 2 0 3 0 1 3 0 ]

74
Q

Are stress shift and downgrading applied in phonemic transcription?

A

No – in phonemic transcriptions, do not apply stress shift and downgrading: /ˈbjuːtɪfəl ˌtʃaɪˈniːz ˈvɑːzɪz/

phno (18 decks)

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