Process of Memory- DP7

Question 1

Process of memory

Answer 1

the multi-store model of memory (Atkinson-Shiffrin) with reference to the function, capacity and duration of sensory, short-term and long-term memory

• interactions between specific regions of the brain (cerebral cortex, hippocampus, amygdala and cerebellum) in the storage of long-term memories, including implicit and explicit memories.

Question 2

What is memory?

Answer 2

An active information-processing system that receives , organises and recovers information.

Question 3

3 key process

Answer 3

Encoding
storage
retrieval

Question 4

Encoding

Answer 4

Is the entire process of converting information into a useable form or code that can be stored in memory

Question 5

Storage

Answer 5

is the retention of information overtime

Question 6

Atkinson- Shiffrin’s multi store model of memory

Answer 6

A model to explain memory. There are numerous models but this is the one you will be expected to know.

It described 3 stores of memory that function separately and independently to create our ability to encode, store and retrieve information.

Question 7

3 stores of Atkinson

Answer 7

Sensory memory
Short term memory
Long term memory

Question 8

Sensory memory

Answer 8

where information is the sensory environment is briefly stores to enable attention

Question 9

Short term memory

Answer 9

where information that is attended to is stored while it is being processed

Question 10

Long term memory

Answer 10

where information that is retained over time is stored

Question 11

Sensory memory

Answer 11

• Seen to be first point of memory
• The information is held for a fraction of a second to a few seconds and will only move on if we pay attention to it
• The reason for the rapid decay of sensory memory is to allow for us to quickly filter and register new information. It is allows us to perceive our world as smooth and ongoing
  It has an unlimited capacity

Question 12

Iconic memory

Answer 12

• This is our visual sensory memory.
• It last for 0.2-0.4 seconds
• This duration allows us to perceive moving objects clearly.
• It is also suggested that people with dyslexia may have a slighter longer sensory memory duration and this prevents them easily processing the next ‘section’ of a reading passage

Question 13

Echoic memory

Answer 13

• This is our auditory/sound memory.
• These memories are typically stored in our sensory memory for slightly longer than iconic memories. - Usually for 3-4 seconds.
• This time allows us to register information in its entirety before we can make it meaningful.

Question 14

Short term memory

Answer 14

Short term memory is our ‘working memory’.
It is what we are consciously aware of
- have a duration of 12-30 seconds

We can try and increase this duration by using maintenance rehearsal

It has a capacity of 5-9 pieces of information (7+/-2)
When this capacity is reached new information can only be included by displacing existing information

Question 15

Maintenance rehearsal

Answer 15

This is the process we use to try and hold information in our short term memory and hence increase its duration.

It is when you tend to repeat something out loud (vocally) or in your head (subvocally) to keep it in your immediate awareness.

If you complete this maintenance for long enough it may go into to your long term memory
It is also possible to use non-verbal methods of maintenance rehearsal e.g. visualisation or muscle memory.

Question 16

Elaborative rehearsal

Answer 16

Elaborative rehearsal is a memory technique that involves thinking about the meaning of the term to be remembered, as opposed to simply repeating the word to yourself over and over.

Question 17

Long term memory

Answer 17

This is where information is held, theoretically, forever once it has been successfully encoded in your LTM.

In order to use it we need to retrieve it and place it in STM

It has unlimited capacity and unlimited duration

Question 18

Semantic network theory

Answer 18

This suggests that information is stored in LTM in a series of hierarchically, interconnected and overlapping nodes or concepts.
Activation of one node leads to activation of associated nodes

Question 19

Procedural memory

Answer 19

• Knowing ‘how;
  -Can be heard to describe how to do it to someone else e.g riding a bike Resistant to forgetting
• implicit
  heavily involve a brain structure called the amygdala

Question 20

Declarative memory

Answer 20

facts, data and events
explicit
can be further divided into semantic and episodic

This explicit type of memory seems to heavily involve a brain structure called the hippocampus

Question 21

Semantic memory

Answer 21

memory for facts, general knowledge ,world knowledge. This is the type of material you learn at school, through media etc

Question 22

Episodic memory

Answer 22

this usually autobiographical knowledge and the memory of particular events. It is like an ‘episode’ of you life - your first date; your 18th birthday etc.