Observational learning- DP5

Question 1

Observational learning

Answer 1

learning occurs through observation and imitation of others

Question 2

Observational learning as a method of social learning

Answer 2

Observational learning occurs when someone’s uses observation of a model’s actions and the consequences of those actions to guide their future actions

A model is who or what is being observed and may be live or symbolic

A live model is a real life person who may be demonstrating, acting out to describing a behavior

A symbolic model is a real or fictional character displaying behavior in books, movies, television programs, online and other media

Question 3

Social learning theory

Answer 3

Emphasis the importance of the environment, or social context in which learning occurs

Question 4

Vicarious conditioning

Answer 4

Whereby an individual watched a model’s behaviour being reinforced or punished,when either replicates the nehavoir or avoid it as a result
E.g Being conditioned by seeing someone rewarded- someone does the wrong thing and gets in trouble they know not do do bad behaviour

Question 5

Vicarious reinforcement

Answer 5

increases the likelihood of the observer behaving in a way similar to the model whose behaviour is reinforced

Question 6

Vicarious punishment

Answer 6

occurs when the likelihood of an observer performing a behavior decreases after seeing a model behavior being punished

Question 7

attention

Answer 7

In order to learn through observation, we must pay attention to or closely watch a model’s behavior and consequences

Attention may be influences by various factors, including:

• Perceptual capabilities of the learner
• Motivation and interest level of learner
• Distractors

Question 8

Retention

Answer 8

Having observed the model,we must remember the model’s behaviour.
We need to store in memory a meaningful mental representation of what we have observed- it helps if we link a visual image with a verbal description of the model’s action.

Question 9

Reproduction

Answer 9

Once we have closely attended to the model’s behaviour and retained it in memory, we can attempt to imitate what we have observed.
We must have the ability or capacity to put into practice what we have observed.

E.g. Regardless of how well I have stored a mental representation of Ash Barty serving, I will be unlikely to reproduce that behaviour with the same skill.

Question 10

Motivation

Answer 10

The observed must have the desire and want to reproduce the behavior observed.

Unless the behavioral response is useful or provides incentive or reward for the observer, it is unlikely they will want to learn it in the first place.

Question 11

Reinforcement

Answer 11

Influences the motivation to reproduce the behavior and increases the likelihood of reproduction.

Bandura distinguishes between different types of reinforcement, in addition to one described by skinner.

Question 12

External reinforcement:

Answer 12

learning by consequences- e.g my tennis coach praises my serve

Question 13

Vicarious reinforcement

Answer 13

Occurs indirectly by observing the model’s behavior being reinforced without personally experiencing the reinforcement
e.g seeing an older sibling study hard and getting a ‘good’ atar ,then young sibling studies harder.

Question 14

Self reinforcement

Answer 14

when we meet certain standards we set for ourselves

e.g. the sense of pride and achievement in attaining the study score you want in Psychology.