Problem Solving And Decision Making Flashcards
What are the 4 types of problem solving
Ill defined - climate crisis, poverty
Well defined - soduku, puzzles
Lean knowledge - things you pick up , normal ability
Rich knowledge - expert
What did the early gestalt studies find
Koehler 17-27, apes could get bananas when they used crates, sticks to get them, only some could do it.
Maier 31, 2 string problem
Ducker 45, candle problem
Luchins water jug 42, work out the equation, mental inflexibility
Found that only some people could use materials that were not meant for their original purpose to figure out the problem.
What is Einstellung
A mental set, fixate with mental inflexibility
Name 2 knowledge rich problem solving studies
Gick and Holyoak 83, used Dunckers radiation test. When given an analogy or more, better able to solve the original problem.
Degroot 66 - grandmasters in chess v experts, could put pieces back in the right place, 91% GM v 41% E.
How did Chi et al 81 describe novice v expert
Novice >surface problem>works backwards
Expert >deep processing>works forward
What are heuristics
Mental short cuts to decision making, open to bias, rules of thumb
What is routine expertise and adaptive expertise
Routine expertise is the schematic we hold from previous experiences encoded
Adaptive expertise is a non standard problem, if >then, inventors, pioneers.
What are 5 biases of decision making
Sunk cost bias - once invested, continue endeavour, self concept
Omission bias - risk harm through inaction, anti Vaxers
Planning fallacy bias - Scottish parliament , £41 million to £431 million.
Representative bias - 4 men/996 women, used system 1 instead of looking at probability
Confirmation bias - only see evidence to confirm our thoughts and rules
What is Kahneman and Fredrickson 2005 system 1 and system 2 theory of decision making
That we think fast and slow, system 1 is intuitive, automatic, draining on heuristics and forgetting our own subconscious biases. Error prone. What you see is all there is.
System 2 is analytical, controlled, rule governed, slower and logical Reisman 22.
What does Reisburg 22, say about emotion on PS/DM
Emotion is a force that disrupts PS/DM, i was so angry, I couldn’t see straight
What is the anchoring effect
Reliable and robust. Rigged wheel of fortune, 2 numbers, high and low, when asked about % African nations in the un, they answered nearer to the number they saw 10=25%, 65=45%.
Gandhi >114, <35.
What is the 9 dots experiment
Draw least amount of lines to cover all nine dots, ‘think outside the box’ Scheerer 63
What does Reitman 65, say are the 3 stages of problem solving
- Starting state, set of actions
- A goal condition
- Set of actions that can be used
What is the prospect theory by kahneman and tversky 79
Prospect theory- gain and loss framing, loss aversion theory, deal or no deal, males are less risk aversive, stock exchange, place greater value on avoiding losses to stop emotional response.
