Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

PAID > Problem 8 -Personality disorders > Flashcards

Problem 8 -Personality disorders Flashcards

1
Q

What is a personality disorder?

A
  • stable and enduring patterns of thoughts, feelings, behavior (personality trait)
  • emerge in adolescence or early adulthood
  • deviate from norms
  • pervasive and inflexible
  • lead to distress/impairment
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

structure Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, volume 5 DSM-5

A
  • 10 personality disorders

- classified into 3 groups/clusters according to their similarity of their symptoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Cluster A - odd, eccentric (3)

A
  • Schizoid
  • Schizotypal
  • Paranoid
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Schizoid

A
  • extreme detachment and lack of interest in social or personal relationships
  • very limited expression of emotions in interpersonal settings
  • prefer almost always to be alone
  • emotional detachment
  • no affection for others
  • indifferent to praise/criticism
  • even in nonsocial settings
  • > little joy/pleasure
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Schizotypal

A
  • discomfort in close relationships
  • eccentric behaviors and thoughts
  • having unusual ideas of reference
  • perceiving special meaning in everyday events or objects
  • highly fascinated with paranormal / having bizarre perceptual experiences
  • example: seeing what is happening somewhere far away
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

ekzentriker

A

-person die deutlich von der sozialen norm abweicht

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Paranoid

A
  • extreme distrust and suspiciousness of others
  • quick to take offence/feel insulted

-antecedent for schizophreny

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Cluster B - dramatic, emotional, erratic (4)

A

1) Antisocial
2) Borderline
3) Histrionic
4) Narcissistic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Antisocial

A
  • disregard for and violation of the rights of others
  • lying to others
  • conning (betrügen) others
  • feel no remorse for actions
  • aggressive
  • irresponsible
  • impulsive
  • reckless
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Borderline

A
  • extreme impulsivity (drug abuse, eating binges, sexual escapades, spending sprees (kaufrausch), self harming)
  • instability of relationships, self-image and emotions
  • intense and unstable relationships
  • worry frantically (wie wahnsinnig) about possibility of being abandoned
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Histrionic

A
  • excessive attention seeking
  • exaggerated expression of emotions
  • use physical appearance to draw attention
  • seductive, sexually provocative style
  • easily influenced by others
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Narcissistic

A
  • excessive sense of self-importance and entitlement
  • grandiosity
  • seeing oneself as being entitled to special treatment
  • arrogant style
  • often exploit others
  • failing to appreciate others needs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Type C - anxious, fearful (3)

A

1) Avoidant
2) Dependent
3) Obsessive- compulsive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Avoidant

A
  • extreme shyness
  • low self-esteem
  • strong fear of rejection, criticism, disapproval
  • unwilling to participate socially unless certain of being liked
  • lack of social contact (different reasons than schizoid and schizotypal)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Dependent

A
  • excessive need to be taken care of
  • submissive, clinging behavior
  • fears of separation
  • require great deal of advice
  • need other people take responsibility for important features of their lives
  • often go through great lengths to maintain support/nurturance
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Obsessive- compulsive

A
  • excessive preoccupation with order, perfection and control
  • fail to complete tasks/projects
  • highly stubborn
  • inflexible
  • tendency to hoard money and objects unnecessarily
  • NOT the same as obsessive-compulsive disorder (repeated washing hands, tapping etc)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Problems with the DSM-5 Personality Disorders

-1)

A

1) symptoms of a given disorder do not necessarily ‘go together’
- a person with one symptom is no more likely than anyone else to have another symptom

-two persons diagnosed with the same disorder might not have any symptoms in common

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Problems with the DSM-5 Personality Disorders

-2)

A

2) two disorders may have overlapping symptoms, and may tend to be diagnosed together
- comorbidity-> joint occurrence of two or more disorders
- tends to make system inefficient
- would be better to develop a system in which the various disorders showed little/no overlap

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Problems with the DSM-5 Personality Disorders

-3)

A

3) ‘clusters’ of disorders do not match factor analysis results

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Problems with the DSM-5 Personality Disorders

-4)

A

4) a personality disorder should be seen as a continuum, not as a category
- having a personality disorder is a matter of degree
- shouldn’t be only having or not having

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Alternative system for personality disorders - ICD 11

A
  • new system has 2 essential features:
  • one get assessed on those:
  • impaired personality functioning
  • presence of pathological personality traits
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Impaired personality funcitioning (2)

A

1) ‘Self’ problems (identity and self-direction)

2) Interpersonal problems (empathy and intimacy)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

1) self problems - identity problems

A
  • identity problems
  • > not having a sense of self as unique person
  • > unstable self esteem
  • > easily threatened by negative experiences
  • > distorted appraisal of strengths/weaknesses
  • person might not be able to regulate emotions/ recognize what emotions he/she experiences
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

1) self problems- self-direction problems

A
  • not being able to set realistic/meaningful goals

- unable to reflect constructively on experience/motivations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

2) Interpersonal problems - empathy

A
  • unable to understand others’ experiences/motivations
  • unable to understand/consider others’ perspectives
  • little understanding of how behavior affects others
26
Q

2) interpersonal problems - intimacy

A
  • lacking in positive, sustained relationships

- unable/unwilling to cooperate with others

27
Q

pathological personality traits

- new system ICD 11

A

-new system recognizes 25 specific personality traits as being potentially pathological -> when an individual shows a high level of the trait
-> classified into 5 broad
domains

28
Q

5 domains of new personality trait system

A

1) negative affectivity
2) detachment
3) antagonism
4) disinhibiton
5) psychoticism

-> can be compared to Big 5

29
Q

1) negative affectivity

A
  • emotional lability
  • anxiousness
  • separation insecurity
  • perseveration (continuing a behavior that is no longer effective)
  • submissiveness
  • hostility
  • restricted affectivity (emotional coldness)
  • depressivity
  • suspiciousness
30
Q

2) Detachment

A
  • withdrawal
  • anhedonia (lack of enjoyment/pleasure)
  • intimacy avoidance
  • restricted affectivity
  • depressivity
  • suspiciousness
31
Q

3) antagonism

A
  • manipulativeness
  • deceitfulness
  • grandiosity
  • attention seeing
  • callousness (gefühlslosigkeit)
  • hostility
32
Q

4) disinhibition

A
  • irresponsibility
  • ridgid perfectionism
  • distractibility
  • risk taking
33
Q

5) psychoticism

A
  • unusual beliefs and experiences
  • > hearing/seeing things
  • eccentricity
  • cognitive and perceptual dysregulation (feeling disconnected from own thoughts and body)
34
Q

diagnosing personality disorders in the proposed new system

A
  • constructed interview
  • observe behavior directly/records
  • 2 features: 1) impaired personality functioning and 2) pathological personality traits must be present for the disorder to be diagnosed
35
Q

rating impairment of personality functioning - ICD 11

A
  • clinician rates each problem in personality functioning on a scale from 0 (no impairment at all) to 4 (extreme impairment)
  • 3 and 4 -> indicate personality disorder
36
Q

rating pathological personality trais - ICD 11

A
  • from 0 (very little or not at all descriptive) to 3 (extremely discriptive)
  • 2/3 indicate a personality disorder
37
Q

other essential features necessary to diagnose a PD

A
  • relatively stable across time and consistent across situations
  • traits must not be considered as normal for the person’s stage of development or society
  • must not be due to substance use/ medical conditions
38
Q

borderline heritability

A
  • rather high heritability

- symptoms might be caused by various kinds of trauma during childhood (sexually or physically abused)

39
Q

schizotypal symptoms heritability

A
  • about 10% have genetic tendency toward abnormal pattern of brain functioning which can produce schizotypal symptoms
  • > depending on a person’s social learning experiences when growing up
40
Q

treatments of personality disorders (5)

A

1) psychodynamic psychotherapy
2) cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)
3) Dialectical behavior therapy (DBT)
4) Psychobiological treatments
5) treatment of antisocial personality disorder

41
Q

1) psychodynamic psychotherapy

A
  • clinician tries to help express emotions (including troubling, distressing ones)
  • help examine important relationships and experiences in patient’s life
  • encourage patient to speak freely about what is on his/her mind
  • reflect and explore own mental life
  • > improve self-understanding and functioning
42
Q

2) cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT)

A
  • understand irrational beliefs patient holds
  • > show patient that those are maladaptive
  • get the patient to realize that perceptions are inaccurate and harmful
  • > try to change perceptions
43
Q

3) dialectical behavior therapy (DBT)

A

-especially developed for Borderline
-making patient aware of thoughts/feelings
-> accept them without judgement
-makes it easier to handle them
-trying to avoid conflict in patient
-clinician can try to develop plans for developing more adaptive responses
-

44
Q

4) psychobiological treatments

A
  • drugs to counteract imbalances of chemical substances in the brain
  • some antidepressant and mood stabilizing drugs helped managing borderline
  • antipsychotic drugs (reduce delusions and hallucinations) helped managing Borderline and Schizotypal symptoms
45
Q

treatment of antisocial personality disorder

A

-problem: many people are motivated to appear as they have been cured of tendency to exploit others

46
Q

psychodynamic group therapy for antisocial PD

A
  • intended to develop feelings of empathy and responsibility toward one’s peers
  • > future violent offending is decreased in nonpsychopathic offenders
  • > in psychopats it is increased
  • > similar results for cognitive behavioral therapy
47
Q

Most successful method for antisocial PD

A

-make it in person’s own self-interest to avoid exploiting other people

-goal is not to change
them

-goal is to reduce gap between person’s self interest and society’s expectations of behavior

48
Q

Article - Dark personality

A
  • focus on Dark Triad
  • > Machiavellianism
  • > Narcissism
  • > Psychopathy
  • > all negatively related with agreeableness
49
Q

Machiavellianism

A
  • lack of empathy
  • low affect
  • possessing unconventional view of morality
  • willingness to manipulate, lie, exploit others
  • focus on own goals
  • pleasure in deceiving others
  • negative with conscientiousness
50
Q

Narcissism

A
  • grandiosity
  • entitlement
  • dominance
  • superiority
  • difficulty maintaining interpersonal relationships
  • lacking trust and care for others
  • positive mit openness and extraversion
51
Q

Psychopathy

A
  • impulsivity and thrill seeking
  • low empathy and anxiety
  • self-promotion
  • unique affective experience
  • lack of self-conscious emotion guilt
  • do not experience anxiety and fear as normal people do
  • fail to learn from punishment
  • negative with conscientiousness
  • positive with openness and extraversion
52
Q

categorical system of classification

A

-clearly defined disorders

53
Q

dimensional classification

A
  • based on trait-based personality theory

- > pathological effects show themselves increasingly as one moves across the severity of the dimension

54
Q

categorical VS dimensional approach focus!!!

A
  • categorical approach is flawed
  • > tried to add a dimensional approach
  • > part 3 in DSM 5
  • > but dimensional approach is also flawed
55
Q

problems categorical approach

A

-

56
Q

problems dimensional approach

A

-when to administer treatment?

57
Q

difficulty of comorbidity

A
  • risk to over-diagnose
  • patients are often identified with 3-10 PD
  • > cannot be separated
58
Q

article main message -treatment

A
  • no treatment really supported
  • 2 approaches
  • evidence of treatment of PD limited because of short follow ups, poor control of coexisting psychopathology
59
Q

article - dark triad relation to big 5

A
  • each one of Dark Triad -> negatively associated with Agreeableness
  • Machiavellianism + Psychopathy -> negatively related to conscientiousness
  • Narcissism + Psychopathy -> positively related to Openness and Extraversion
  • Narcissism + Machiavellianism positively associated with Neuroticism
  • Psychopathy -> negatively with Neuroticism
60
Q

hogan development survey??

A
  • rate people on dark triad

- formulated in a nice way

61
Q

subclinical

A

-score high , but not having a disorder

62
Q

conditional reasoning task

A

-

PAID (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions