Problem 8

Question 1

Accident behavior

Answer 1

Refers to unsafe acts such as

a) improper use of equipment
b) operating at unsafe speeds + inattention to objects in immediate environment

Question 2

Error

Answer 2

Refers to out of tolerance action where the limits are defined by the particular situation

–> are usually unintended

Question 3

There are 2 main approaches to managing human error.

Name them.

Answer 3

1. Personnel approach
   - -> select + train those workers that are suited to operate the specific machines needed to perform the job
2. Design approach
   - -> design equipment/environments that reduce the likelihood of error

Question 4

Automation

Answer 4

Refers to the full/partial replacement of a function previously carried out by a human

Question 5

4-stage model of human information processing

Answer 5

1. Info acquisition
2. Info analysis
3. Decision + action selection
4. Action implementation

–> all of these points can be automized

Question 6

Adaptive automation

Answer 6

Designing a type of automation so it can vary depending

Question 7

Which 2 criteria should one examine when trying to figure out the appropriate upper + lower bounds of automation ?

Answer 7

1. Primary evaluative criteria
   - -> associated human performance consequences
2. Secondary evaluative criteria
   - -> automation reliability + costs of decision consequences

Question 8

Name the 5 factors that are part of the primary evaluative criteria.

Answer 8

1. Mental workload
   - -> automation can reduce it to a more beneficent level
2. Situation awareness
   - -> automation might reduce ones awareness of changes in environment
3. Complacency
   - -> Works best when operator is engaged in multiple tasks
4. Skill degradation
   - -> when a machine overtakes, human will not be skilled enough to perform it anymore at some point

Question 9

Name the 2 factors that are part of the secondary evaluative criteria.

Answer 9

1. Automation reliability

2. Costs of decision/action outcomes

Question 10

Does the integration of human and AI significantly enhance performance ?

Answer 10

Yes,

as they actively enhance each others complementary strengths

1. Humans
   - -> leadership, teamwork, creativity + social skills
2. AI
   - -> speed, quantitative capabilities

Question 11

Name the 5 principles for optimizing collaboration between humans + AI.

Answer 11

1. Reimagine business processes
2. Embrace experimentation + employee involvement
3. Actively direct AI strategy
4. Responsibly collect data
5. Redesign work to incorporate AI + cultivate related employee skills

Question 12

Neuroergonomics

Answer 12

Refers to the application of neuroscience to ergonomics

–> addresses the biological substrates of ergonomic concerns, with an emphasis on the role of the human nervous system study the way in which brain function is related to task/work performance

Question 13

Name the component processes of errors.

Answer 13

1. Pre-response conflict
2. Error response
3. Post response processing
   - -> error detection + compensation

Question 14

Rapid error correction

Answer 14

Occurs when we make a wrong response, so a post-error slowing of responding occurs

–> suggests that one is able to learn from errors + adjust performance accordingly

Question 15

Risk taking

Answer 15

Refers to a decision making process

–> is influenced by past experience + expectancy of accidents