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Man and machine > Problem 5 > Flashcards

Problem 5 Flashcards

1
Q

Rules can be used tp represent many different kinds of knowledge.

A
  1. General info about the world
  2. Info about how to do things in the world
  3. Linguistic regularities
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2
Q

Cognitive architecture

A

Refers to a quantitative theory that applies to a broad array of behaviors + tasks

–> integrates theories of

a) memory
b) perception
c) action

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3
Q

Cognitive modeling

A

Refers to a

  1. theory about the structure of the human mind
  2. computational instantiation of such theory used in the fields of AI + computational cognitive science
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4
Q

What is the goal of cognitive architecture ?

A

Summarizing the various results of cognitive psychology in a comprehensive computer model

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5
Q

Cognitive model

A

Refers to an approximation to human cognitive processes for the purposes of comprehension + prediction

BUT: can be developed within OR w/o cognitive architecture

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6
Q

What is the goal of cognitive models ?

A

Focusing on a single cognitive phenomenon/process

  1. How 2 or more processes interact
  2. making behavioral predictions for a specific task/tool
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7
Q

Cogntivie science

A

Is concerned with understanding the processes that the brain uses to accomplish complex tasks

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8
Q

Name 4 major characteristics of cognitive models.

A
  1. Described in formal mathematical/computer language
  2. Derived from basic principles of cognition
  3. Builds a bridge btw behavior + neural underpinnings
  4. Describes human info processing at a more abstract level of analysis
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9
Q

Why do cognitive models have an advantage over conceptual models ?

A

Cognitive models can be used to derive new predictions fro new relationships that go beyond the original data

–> can be used to predict how with practice

a) the variance of the response time changes
b) accuracy changes

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10
Q

What is the difference between conceptual + cognitive models ?

A

Conceptual models aren’t based on any cognitive principles

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11
Q

Why are cognitive medals beneficial over neural models ?

A

Cognitive models provide an abstract level of analysis making it computationally easy to derive precise predictions from complex tasks

–> neural models level of analysis makes it too difficult to address complex cognitive tasks

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12
Q

Name the steps involved in cognitive modeling.

A
  1. Taking conceptual theoretical framework + reformulate assumptions into more mathematical language
  2. Making additional detailed (ad hoc) assumptions if theory is weak
  3. Estimate the parameters from some of the observed data
  4. Compare the predictions of competing models with respect to their ability to explain the empirical results
  5. Start all over + reformulate framework in light go the feedback obtained from new experimental results
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13
Q

Symbolic modeling

A

Refers to one approach to cognitive modeling

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14
Q

Representation

A

Consists of symbols

–> each representing a particular component of the environmental situation

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15
Q

How is a problem solved ?

A

By manipulating the symbols according to the given inference rules

–> this way one finds the best combination that answers to the question

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16
Q

Rules

A

Refer to “if-then” structures

–> similar to conditionals but have different representation + computational properties

17
Q

Name the most vital properties of rules.

A
  1. Simple structures
    - -> if + then
  2. Can have multiple conditions/ actions
  3. Can represent

a) general info
b) info how to do things
c) linguistic regularities

18
Q

Rule based processing

A

Uses rules and can be

a) serial
- -> one being applied at a time

b) parallel
- -> many being applied simultaneously

19
Q

Name the 3 most notable Rule based cognitive systems.

A
  1. General problem solver (GPS)
    - -> simulates human solutions to various kinds of problems
  2. Adaptive control of thought (ACT)
  3. SOAR
    - -> both aim to develop fixed computational building blocks, necessary for general intelligent agents
20
Q

Are rule based system superior to logic based systems ?

A
  1. Increased computational power but lose out on some representational power
  2. Most psychological applications
    - -> explains conditioning, learning
  3. Neurological plausibility
    - -> rules are stored in a set of buffers in the PFC
  4. Practical applicability

BUT: do not have to be regarded as universally true

21
Q

Production rules

A

Consist of two parts

  1. Sensory precondition
    - -> if-statement
  2. Action
    - -> then-statement

THUS: if the productions precondition matches the current state of the world, then the production is triggered

22
Q

Production system

A

Contains

  1. Database
    - -> WM, maintains data about current states
  2. Rule interpreter
    - -> provides a mechanism for prioritizing productions when more than one is triggered
23
Q

ACT-R

Adaptive control of thought - Rational

A

Refers to a cognitive architecture that suggests that complex cognition arises from an interaction of procedural + declarative knowledge

–> furthermore it

  1. aims to find the basic and irreducible cognitive + perceptual operations that enable the human mind
  2. describes human cognition as a set of independent modules that interact through a production system
24
Q

Production system

A

Consists of production rules whose conditions are matched against the modules

–> if conditions are met, it can fire and the action specified can be carried out

25
Q

There are 5 different modules, each implementing a different cognitive process.

Name them.

A
  1. Declarative module
    - -> info storage in + retrieval from declarative M
  2. Intentional module
    - -> stores a persons goals
  3. Imaginal module
    - -> holds info necessary to perform a current task
  4. Visual module
    - -> perception
  5. Manual module
    - -> motor actions

BUT: within each module, info can only be processed in a serial manner, while different can operate in parallel

26
Q

How does the production rule coordinate the modules ?

A

By acting on the info available in the buffers

–> thus it can never access all info but just those in the buffers

27
Q

What is the ACT-R composed of ?

A
  1. Symbolic system
    - -> e.g. production rules, modules, buffers
  2. Sub-symbolic system
    - -> equations which determine access to the info stored in the modules + buffers
28
Q

Declarative knowledge

A

Involves facts

–> is represented by chunks + created by simple encoding of objects in the environment

29
Q

Procedural knowledge

A

Involves knowledge about how we do things

–> is represented by production rules related by simple encodings of transformation in the environment

30
Q

Process models

A

Predict

  1. what decision a person will make
  2. how info that was used to make the decision will be processed
31
Q

Compensatory models

A

Claim that people evaluate alternatives by using knowledge about their attributes as cues

–> for each alternative, one counts the + vs - cues, making the most + one the correct

32
Q

Compensatory decision making

A

Refers to evaluating each alternative in terms of relevant attributes

–> selecting the highest weighted score

Man and machine (9 decks)

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