Problem 7

Question 1

Computational modeling of emotion

Answer 1

Refers to attempts to develop + validate computational models of human emotion mechanisms

–> interdisciplinary between psychology + computer science

Question 2

Robot

Answer 2

Refers to a programmable machine that must be able to perform given tasks w/o human interference

–> senses the current state of its environment

Question 3

Social robot

Answer 3

Refers to an autonomous/semi-autonomous robot that interacts + communicates w/ humans by following the behavioral norms expected by the people with whom the robot intends to interact

–> therefore has to correctly interpret peoples emotions/actions, then respond appropriately

Question 4

Modules

Answer 4

Make up a social robot

–> usually designed in complex numbers of interconnected modules including

a) electronics
b) sensing
c) perception
d) affective science
d) planning

Question 5

Name the 2 most necessary characteristics of social robotics.

Why are they the most needed ?

Answer 5

1. Emotion exchanges + interaction
2. These capacities further improve its ability to engage in meaningful interactions with humans

–> key component is facial + emotional recognition, thus empathy

Question 6

Paro

Answer 6

Is a famous companion robot that is designed to look + behave like a baby seal

–> he has the same effects like real animal therapy

Question 7

Traditionally, autonomous robots were assigned dangerous/monotonous tasks and were used independently from humans.

Why is there now a shift and and increasing human robot interaction ?

Answer 7

Due to improvements in sensors + processing abilities, they are able to interact with humans via

a) conversation
b) eye contact
c) facial expressions

THUS: there is interest to use them in therapy as autistic children show rare behaviors like joint attention/eye contact in interactions with robots

Question 8

When is human-robot interaction best ?

Answer 8

1. Robot has a focal area
   - -> face
2. Robot portrays nonverbal conversational cues well

Question 9

Why is emotion so important in humans ?

Answer 9

1. Plays a critical role in decision making

2. Serves to inform + influence others

Question 10

In a study, an actor was instructed to respond to a stimuli.
This stimuli was a dove flying inside through a window.

What did the researchers find out, concerning emotions, as a result ?

Answer 10

Emotion has a function in

1. interrupting + reprioritizing cognition
2. interruption current attention to shift awards new situations to deal with threat

–> requires reassessing the situation + replan

Question 11

Emotions can differ on several aspects.

Name them

Answer 11

1. Which components are trades as intrinsic
2. Relationships between components
3. Representational distinctions

Question 12

Discrete theory

Answer 12

Suggests that there is a limited number of core emotions

–> biologically determined innate natural kinds

Question 13

Dimensional theory

Answer 13

Suggests that emotion should be conceptualized as a point in continuous space

Question 14

Appraisal theory

Answer 14

Suggests that emotions arise from a process of comparing individual needs to external demands

–> most dominant framework, but controversial

Question 15

According to the appraisal theories emotions cannot be explained by merely focusing on the environment or on the individual.

Why is that ?

Answer 15

Because they reflect a person-environment relationship

–> characterized in terms of a set of criteria

Question 16

Appraisal-derivation process

Answer 16

Interprets a representation of the person environment relationship to derive a set of appraisal variables

Question 17

Emotion-derivation model

Answer 17

Takes the set of appraisals, then produces an emotional response

Question 18

Set of behavioral consequence processes

Coping strategies

Answer 18

Triggered by emotion, then manipulates the person-environment

Question 19

Emotion + Adaption model

EMA

Answer 19

Assumes that appraisal is fast, parallel + automatic

Maintains an explicit representation

Question 20

Causal interpretation

Answer 20

Encodes the

a) input
b) intermediate results
c) output of inferential processes

that mediate between an agents goals

Question 21

Causal interpretation

Answer 21

Encodes the

a) input
b) intermediate results
c) output of inferential processes

that mediate between an agents goals

Question 22

Emotion derivation

Answer 22

Occurs in EMA once appraisal informs an agents coping response

–> biased by an overall mood state

Question 23

Coping

Answer 23

Determines how the agent responds to the appraised significance of events

Question 24

Name the limitations to EMA.

Answer 24

1. Focueses on deriving appraisal values + treats emotion categories largely as epiphenomenon
2. Complex emotions are not modeled
   - -> causal interp. has limited capacity
3. Inference processes need to impose better constraints on coping strategies

Question 25

Cyberpsychology

Answer 25

Refers to an emerging discipline that focuses on the study of human machine interaction

–> studies the psychological effects of computers + devices on people

Question 26

Self - awareness

Answer 26

Refers to awareness directed toward the self

Question 27

Objective self awareness

Answer 27

Refers to a psychological state in which one becomes the object of ones own attention

–> through this we identify + process info about the self

Question 28

Computer-mediated communication

Answer 28

Refers to any act of communication that takes place through the use of 2 or more electronic devices

Question 29

Contact hypothesis

Answer 29

Asserts that acquaintance + positive associations through intergroup contact can reduce prejudice and negative affect

Question 30

Intergorup contact

Answer 30

Refers primarily to face-to-face encounters

BUT: has now been expanded to include CMC

Question 31

Text-based CMC

Answer 31

Refers to communication via text messages that provide fixed and static records

Question 32

Video-based CMC

Answer 32

Refers to interaction through video talk, which contains
ample non-verbal cues such as

a) eye contact
b) head nods
c) facial expressions

as well as additional video + audio info

–> had greater influence on improving the participants attitudes towards a targeted outgroup