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Man and machine > Problem 2 > Flashcards

Problem 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Little-C creativity

A

Refers to individual capacities for doing things in a novel way

e.g.: “Everyday creativity”, taking a new route to work, cooking dinner with different ingredients

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2
Q

What does little-c creativity require ?

A

Complex operations of human consciousness

–> emotional input, affective co-regulation

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3
Q

Creativity

A

Refer to things that are

a) unique
b) original
c) novel
d) useful

across generations

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4
Q

Creativity research unfolded in 3 distinct waves in the western World.

Name them.

A
  1. Focusing on personalities + dispositions
    - -> individualist perspective
  2. Cognitive mechanisms
    - -> individualist perspective
  3. Focusing on people nested between the domains of knowledge + fields of experts
    - -> sociocultural perspective
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5
Q

Why do people assume that machines are or will be better at maximizing positive outcomes ?

A

Because, AI is programmed to make decisions w/o affective or cognitive restraints

–> bound to precise utilitarian algorithms

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6
Q

Individualist perspective

A

Suggests that creativity is a new mental combination that is expressed in the world

–> focuses on the person a s a unit of analysis

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7
Q

Name the 3 main assumptions that the individualist perspective holds.

A
  1. Creativity must be something new, unique or original
  2. Creativity involves combinations
    - -> derived singular thoughts or behaviors cannot be creative themselves
  3. Creativity must be externalized
    - -> made visible to the researcher + public
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8
Q

Sociocultural perspective

A

Suggests that creativity is the generation of a product that is judged to be

a) novel
b) appropriate
c) useful or valuable

by a suitable knowledgable social group

–> focuses on large scale innovations + innovators that revolutionize entire fields + transcend time (Big-C)

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9
Q

The systems model of creativity tried to answer the question of where creativity exists within a broader sociocultural system.

It did so by proposing 3 interrelated elements that are necessary for creativity to unfold.

Name them.

A
  1. Domain of current knowledge
    - -> accepted + agreed upon
  2. Individual
    - -> alters a component of the domain to do sth novel
  3. Field of experts
    - -> decides whether or not the novelty is accepted into domain
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10
Q

In which way is the sociocultural perspective different to the individualist one ?

A

Here, the individual is not the sole component of the creative process

–> creativity depends on

a) individual talent
b) existing info
c) judgment by experts

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11
Q

Creativity 4.0 model

A

Refers to a systems model for fourth wave creativity research, that builds on the 3 element of the Big-C and adds AI

–> individual programs AI to perform tasks + process info in specific ways

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12
Q

Big-C creativity

A

Refers to important large scale innovations + paradigm shifts

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13
Q

Comparing Big vs Little-C creativity.

Which one will matter most to developing computer-based algorithms for AI ? Why ?

A

Little-C Creativity, because it resembles most normal human thinking patterns

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14
Q

Name the 7 distinct heuristics of creativity.

A
  1. Problem finding
  2. Knowledge acquisition
  3. Info collection
  4. Incubation
  5. Divergent thinking
  6. Combination
  7. Convergent thinking
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15
Q

Why are divergent + convergent thinking said to be particularly important for creative output ?

A

bla

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16
Q

Do highly creative individuals show different brain patterns ?

A

Yes,
Spontaneous + constructive regions of the brain regulate activity between the default NW + executive NW

–> thus, increased connectivity between the “divergent” + “convergent” regions of the brain result in more creativity

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17
Q

For what reason is it said that machine learning programs could replace up to 50% of the human workforce by the year 2055 ?

A

Because deep learning programs operate just like humans with interconnected neural NWs that make sense of imputed data

–> make predictions from past experiences + learn through trial + error to become increasingly precise

18
Q

Programmer bias

A

Refer to systematic and repeatable errors in a computer system that create unfair outcomes, such as privileging one arbitrary group of users over others

–> programs include the programmers expectations + imaginations on how the world works

19
Q

AI is designed to reduce our cognitive load by making decisions for us.

But why can’t machine learning one day replace + fulfill more creative endeavors ?

A

Because, AI is fed info from an existing knowledge base

–> computer program can’t think for its now, because its inputs are purposefully selected

20
Q

In which way is the domain of the machine world a closed system ?

A

It only allows enter to experiences that are programmed into it

–> AI is created from the limitations of the human mind, can thus not alter existing paradigms independently

BUT: in contrast the human mind is an evolving organism

21
Q

Combinational creativity

A

Using already existing concepts to create something novel

ex.: using LEGO to built something new

BUT: most difficult to integrate into AI

22
Q

Exploratory creativity

A

Finding new concepts within the problem space

–> moving thought it + exploring it to find out what there

23
Q

Transformational creativity

A

Finding new concepts outside of the problem space

–> space is transformed by altering one or more of its defining dimensions

e.g.: ideas can now be generated that could not have been generated before the change; fundamentally different

24
Q

Problem space search

A

Refers to a process in which several states of an instance are considered, with the intention of finding a goal state with a desired property

25
Q

Psychological novelty

P-creative idea

A

Refers to things that are new to the person who granted it

–> being creative for our own; similar to little c creativity

26
Q

Historical novelty

H-creative idea

A

Refers to thinks that have never occurred in history before, thus novel to everyone

–> similar to big c creativity

27
Q

Computational creativity

A

Refers to a branch of AI that studies + exploits the potential of computers to act as autonomous creators

28
Q

Adaptive creativity

A

Refers to a kind of creativity that

  1. delivers surprising solutions to a problem
  2. changes the way we view the problem itself
29
Q

Mathematical optimization

A

Refers to the selection of a best element from a set of available alternatives

30
Q

Optimization problem

A

Refers to the problem of finding the best solution from all feasible ones

–> algorithms or heuristics are used that may provide approx. solutions to the problems

31
Q

Local optimum

A

Refers to a solution to the optimization problem that is optimal within a neighboring set of other solutions

32
Q

Global optimum

A

Refers to a solution to the optimization problem that is optimal amongst all possible solutions

33
Q

Local search (hill climbing) method

A

Involves

  1. starting from an initial configuration
  2. then repeatedly moving to an improved neighborhood configuration
34
Q

Heuristics vs Meta-heuristics

A
  1. Heuristics
    - -> algorithms that do not guarantee to find the perfect solution
  2. Meta-heuristics
    - -> higher-level heuristic designed to find/select a heuristic that will find the perfect solution
35
Q

Simulated annealing

A

Refers to a meta heuristic that is used to approximate global optimization in a large search space for an optimization problem

–> optimization method, that can be used to solve combinatorial problems

36
Q

At the heart of simulated annealing is an analogy with thermodynamics.

Explain this.

A

Annealing allows thermal equilibrium to be attained at each stage

=> at high temperatures, molecules are free to move but when cool, there is minimal energy

37
Q

Annealing

A

When some liquids or metals are cooled slowly, the cooling process is called annealing

38
Q

How is the optimization method of SA analogous to the one used in thermodynamics ?

A

Because, it is a minimization technique based on nature

–> while it is unlikely to find the optimum solution, it can find a very good solution, even in the presence of noise

39
Q

Confluence (componential) approach

A

Suggests that there must be more than one element present in order to produce a creative outcome

e.g.: Systems model of creativity

40
Q

Default network

A

Is associated with spontaneous + self-generated thought

e.g.: mind wandering, autobiographical retrieval

–> mid + posterior inferior parietal cortex

THUS: Idea generation

41
Q

Control network

A

Is associated with cognitive processes that require externally directed attention

e.g.: WM, task-set switching

–> shows activation when the default NW deactivates

THUS: Selection of ideas by evaluating each degree of efficacy, then modifying them to an optimal standard

42
Q

Creative process involves a 2-stage process of ___ and ___ .

A
  1. Idea generation
    - -> bottom up
  2. Idea evaluation
    - -> top down

Man and machine (9 decks)

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