Pro And Viruses

Question 1

Who originated and promoted the endosymbiosis theory and what is it

Answer 1

Mito from animal eukaryote cell came from mito from pro, chloroplasts from a plant cell came from chloroplasts from pro. Lynn margulis

Question 2

Define subcellular

Answer 2

Smaller in size than normal cells

Question 3

Define parasitic

Answer 3

Lives and/or attaches to host and uses its resources

Question 4

Define intracellular

Answer 4

Active only within host

Question 5

Virus definition

Answer 5

A subcellular and parasitic organism that has an intracellular life cycle and is structurally simple, but has a complex life cycle (must regulate themselves and their host)

Question 6

2 common components that comprise a virus

Answer 6

A nucleus acids genome (either DNA or RNA) and an exterior protein capsid

Question 7

Third component many animal viruses are also comprised of

Answer 7

A lipid envelope around capsid (enveloped)

Question 8

Differentiate from a naked and an enveloped viruses

Answer 8

Naked don’t have lipid envelope around capsid while enveloped do

Question 9

Components of a virion

Answer 9

The entire virus (genome and capsid) is called the virion

Question 10

Explain in order the 6 stages of a viruses life cycle

Answer 10

1. Attach to host cell
2. Penetrate cell membrane/cell wall
3. Uncial/release genetic material
4. Replicate genetic material (using host resources)
5. Assemble new virion
6. Release new virion from cell

Question 11

State two common strains of influenza virus

Answer 11

Influenza A and B

Question 12

Describe characteristics of influenza virus

Answer 12

Enveloped with single strand RNA, genome has 8 segmented regions-promotes mutation, causes infection of respiratory tract (both upper-from vocal cords up, and lower-vocal cords down)

Question 13

Explain why having 8 ssRNA promotes mutations

Answer 13

It’s easier to change out a section of a single strand rather than a section of a double stranded DNA

Question 14

Identify initial site of infection and the cells affected by pathogens (the influenza virus)

Answer 14

Infects upper respiratory tract first, damages the ciliated epithelial cells

Question 15

Define lumen

Answer 15

The central cavity of a tubular or other hollow structure in an organism or cell

Question 16

Describe the subsequent sites of infection and the tissue affected by the influenza virus

Answer 16

Virus spreads down respiratory tract, damaging bronchial or alveolar tissue (usually stays in localized respiratory tract)

Question 17

Identify influenza transmission

Answer 17

Spread by inhalation of aerosol droplets, very contagious

Question 18

Explain why the flu is more common in winter than summer

Answer 18

It survives best in cool, less humid atmosphere (aka winter)

Question 19

Incubation period of influenza virus

Answer 19

1-4 incubation period

Question 20

5 common symptoms of influenza virus and period that they last

Answer 20

High fever and chills
Severe muscle pain
Weakness and fatigue
Sore throats and non productive cough
Loss of appetite
Last 5-8 days

Question 21

Explain why anti-influenza drugs are not effective after 2 days

Answer 21

They can’t prevent later, host-induced symptoms

Question 22

Differentiate and explain 3 types of prevention from influenza viruses

Answer 22

Immunization-
natural immunity (acquired from prior exposure, long term)
vaccination (killed virus-flu shot: high risk groups and children, grown in eggs so not for egg allergies, strain of the year)
Vaccination (live attenuated vaccine- nasal spray, more natural protection, ages 5-50)

Question 23

Identify the most common cause of the common cold and URT infections

Answer 23

Rhinoviruses

Question 24

4 characteristics of rhinoviruses

Answer 24

Usually does not cause serious diseases, 100 types( host receptors are on epithelial, fibroblast, and B cells aka immune cells), can’t replicate in acidic conditions (gastrointestinal tract), resistant to drying and detergents (hard to kill outside body)

Question 25

Mucus membranes where rhinoviruses enter body

Answer 25

Nose, mouth, eyes

Question 26

Identify where most replication occurs for rhino

Answer 26

In the nose (runny nose happens when virus shedding occurs)

Question 27

Number of rhino found in 1mL of snot after 2-3 days

Answer 27

500-1000 virions

Question 28

Cytokines definition and how they aid in the spreading of rhinos

Answer 28

Virus releases cytokine to spread disease, Cytokines increases the abundance of receptors on host cells

Question 29

Drugs for rhinos?

Answer 29

No effective drugs, drugs just alleviate the symptoms for a short while

Question 30

Explain what chicken soup does in relation to rhinos

Answer 30

The humid air from the chicken soup reduces swelling in the nose and therefore increases the drainage, symptoms will return

Question 31

Explain why rhinos are not good contenders for vaccines

Answer 31

There’s too many strains of it and there’s too much evolution

Question 32

Two best ways to prevent infection of rhino

Answer 32

Frequent hand washing and gargling prevents virus from entering the body

Citric acid facial tissue, virus can’t tolerate low pH aka acidic conditions

Question 33

Define acid labile

Answer 33

Can’t handle acidic conditions