Advanced Cells

Question 1

Name the basic organelles found in a human body

Answer 1

Mitochondria, Golgi bodies, lysosomes, ribosomes, rough er, smooth er, nucleus,

Question 2

Function of mitochondria

Answer 2

Generator of chemical energy for the cell. Harness energy for the oxidation of food molecules, such as sugars, to produce atp through cellular respiration.

Question 3

Function of rough er

Answer 3

Region of the er associated with ribosomes and involved in the synthesis of secreted and membrane-bound proteins

Question 4

Function of smooth er

Answer 4

Region of the er not associated with ribosomes, involved in the synthesis of lipids

Question 5

Function of nucleus

Answer 5

Enclosed with 2 concentric membranes that form the nuclear envelope and it contains DNA. Control center of the cell

Question 6

Function of Golgi bodies

Answer 6

Modifies and packages molecules made in the er that are destined to be either secreted from the cell or transported to another cell compartment.

Question 7

Function of ribosomes

Answer 7

Composed of ribosomal rnas and ribosomal proteins, translates messenger rna into protein

Question 8

Function of lysosomes

Answer 8

Small irregularly shaped organelles in which intracellular digestion occurs, (breaking down of food, bacteria, waste, and worn out cell parts)

Question 9

Phospholipid bilayer chemical formula and polar and nonpolar sides and which side they’re facing

Answer 9

CH-PO4
Non polar-polar
Towards center-on the outside

Question 10

Amino acid formula

Answer 10

O  H
          ||   |
H-O-C-C-NH2
               |
               R

Question 11

Explain what the “R” component on an amino acid is and two functions of it

Answer 11

It’s the functional group and is different for different amino acids. Gives the protein it’s chemical characteristics and gives the protein it’s shape

Question 12

Empirical formula for carbohydrates and the elements ratios

Answer 12

CH2O

1 C: 2H: 1O ratio

Question 13

Contract the two main types of protein

Answer 13

Fibular protein are straight (chain) while globular protein are balled (globule)

Question 14

Name the 3 types of enzymes

Answer 14

Metabolic, digestive, and food enzymes

Question 15

Describe how proteins help with cellular structure and support

Answer 15

The cytoskeleton is made of proteins. Integral and peripheral proteins bond together to form matrixes of connected proteins

Question 16

Describe each of the 5 functions of proteins

Answer 16

1-Enzymes: increase reactions
2-Transporters: pass material through the membrane (active and passive)
3-Receptors: change cellular activity and allow certain reactions, the “on” switch for neuronal reactions
4-Antigens: allows cellular identity (identify self antigens and foreign antigens)
5-Transcription Factors: turn on, or off, gene expression

Question 17

Describe the fluid mosaic model of the cell membrane

Answer 17

Membrane is a moving, active liquid (like a soap bubble) proteins provide cellular structure because the membrane is just a “bubble”

Question 18

Define bulk transport

Answer 18

Goes across the cell membrane, not through it. Endocytosis (moving into the cell). A substance changes the peripheral proteins on the superficial surface, causing connected proteins to change shape.

Exocytosis (moving out of the cell). Secretions, proteins change shape, looks like a soap bubble forming

Question 19

Compare and contrast exocytosis and endocytosis

Answer 19

Endocytosis is moving into the cell while exocytosis is moving out of the cell. Both change the shape of proteins to enter or leave the cell

Question 20

Difference between bulk transport and molecular transport

Answer 20

Bulk transport goes across the cell membrane not through it and it causes proteins to change shape.
Molecular transport goes through the membrane and if nonpolar no transporter protein is needed, but if it is polar then a transporter protein is needed

Question 21

Describe how many amino acids are used to build an average protein

Answer 21

Proteins are a collection of 100s or 1000s of amino acids

Question 22

Understand that fats are

Answer 22

Nonpolar compounds, and therefore insoluble in water and polar solutions

Question 23

Enzymes are

Answer 23

Proteins that are the functional component of the cell

Question 24

Describe how enzymes help chemical reactions happen in the body

Answer 24

They increase the odds of a reaction happening by lowering the activation energy

Question 25

How do you identify a compound as a enzyme or not an enzyme

Answer 25

Ends in -ase

Question 26

The cell membrane creates

Answer 26

An internal and external environment that can change independently of each other

Question 27

Identify and describe the two types of transporters

Answer 27

Channels allows any molecule under a certain size through and gates allow only certain molecules or ions through