Energy And Biosynthesis 2

Question 1

Define coupled reactions

Answer 1

When an energy favorable reaction drives an energy unfavorable reaction that forms a useful molecule-like an activated carrier

Question 2

What’s the connection between coupled reactions and enzymes

Answer 2

These reactions require an enzyme

Question 3

Define phosphorylation

Answer 3

Phosphate is added to a molecule-like ADP to ATP

Question 4

Is the phosphorylation of ADP favorable or unfavorable

Answer 4

Unfavorable

Question 5

Identify which phosphate group is transferred to another molecule in order for energy to be released by ATP

Answer 5

Stored energy is released when the terminal phosphate group is transferred to another molecule

Question 6

3 examples of ATP being used as an energy source is biological systems

Answer 6

Supplies energy to transporters (active transport), muscle cell contraction, send nerve signals down axon (sodium/potassium transporters)

Question 7

Identify the two energy sources that are electron carriers

Answer 7

NADH and NADPH

Question 8

Show how NADH and NADPH obtain their 1- charge

Answer 8

Carry electrons as two high energy electrons and a proton (H+) which all form a hydride ion (H-)

Question 9

Identify the products of the oxidation of NADH and NADPH

Answer 9

They pass their energy (as H- ion) to a donor molecule, and become oxidized creating NAD+ and NADP+

Question 10

Describe the differences between NADH and NADPH

Answer 10

They differ by one phosphate group far away from the electron transfer location (PO4 3-)

Question 11

Different shape of NADH and NADPH

Answer 11

The different phosphate group causes a different shape between them. The shape allows for binding to different set of enzymes, therefore different target molecules

Question 12

Different roles of NADH and NADPH

Answer 12

NADPH is used in the anabolic pathways-synthesizing high energy biological molecules.

NADH is used in the catabolic pathways that produce ATP from food

Question 13

Explain why why concentrations of NADH and NADPH are regulated independently

Answer 13

To adjust for electron needs. Higher (NAD+) and (NADPH) for oxidation and reduction, respectively

Question 14

Differentiate between polymer and monomer

Answer 14

Polymers are built from repeating units called monomers

Question 15

Does the bonding of monomers into polymers in the enzyme-catalyzed reaction use condensation or hydrolysis and is it favorable or unfavorable

Answer 15

It’s unfavorable and it uses condensation (releases H2O)

Question 16

Does the breakdown of polymers into monomers in the enzyme catalyzed anabolic reaction favorable or unfavorable and does it use hydrolysis or condensation

Answer 16

It’s favorable and it uses hydrolysis (uses H2O)

Question 17

List three examples of polymers

Answer 17

Nucleotides (DNA and RNA), proteins, and polysaccharides (glycogen)

Question 18

Identify what all condensation reactions need in order to occur

Answer 18

All condensation steps require energy from ATP