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Bio > Central Dogma > Flashcards

Central Dogma Flashcards

1
Q

Basic postulates of the central dogma

A

DNA—-> RNA—–> protein

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2
Q

Process of making protein based on specific DNA sequence is much more __________ than central dogma states

A

Complicated

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3
Q

Purpose, location, and direction of transcription

A

Converting the DNA sequence of a gene into messenger RNA

Occurs in the nucleus

mRNA transcribed in the 5’-3’ direction

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4
Q

Direction the template of DNA strand is read for transcription

A

still read in the 3’-5’ direction

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5
Q

Define gene

A

A sequence of DNA from which a specific protein is derived

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6
Q

Average length of a human gene in base pairs and kilo base pairs

A

10,000-15,000 base pairs long

10-15 kilo base pairs long

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7
Q

2 components of a gene

A

Exons and introns

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8
Q

Exons definition

A

Sequence that codes for amino acids

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9
Q

Introns definition

A

Noncoding segments

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10
Q

The _____ and ______ of exons and introns varies greatly in the genome

A

Length and number

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11
Q

Describe what the terms upstream and downstream mean

A

Upstream means located in front of the gene (within 100 bp)

Downstream means located behind the gene

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12
Q

Describe location of a promoter

A

Upstream of gene (within 100 bp)

Possibly multiple promoters at different sites for a gene

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13
Q

Identify bp most commonly found in a promoter

A

Many Ts and As (TATA box)

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14
Q

The number of promoters ________ and this is used in __________________

A

Varies. This is used in tissue regulation

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15
Q

Function of a promoter

A

Transcription starts here

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16
Q

Location of enhancers

A

Regulatory sequences on both sides of a gene (1000s of bp away)

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17
Q

Distance enhancer can be from gene

A

1000s of bp away from gene

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18
Q

Function of transcription factors

A

They are DNA binding proteins used for gene regulation

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19
Q

Explain what is meant by repressor or activator transcription factor

A

It either activates gene regulation or represses gene regulation

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20
Q

Define ligand

A

Ion or molecule

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21
Q

Explain how transcription factors are activated

A

Activated by specific ligand or by corepressor or coactivator proteins

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22
Q

State where in the cell transcription factors may be found

A

In cytosol or nucleus

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23
Q

State where in the cell transcription factors have to be to perform their function

A

Once activated, will move into nucleus

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24
Q

5 main functions of proteins

A

Enzymes, transporters, receptors, antigens, and transcription factors

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25
Q

Describe 5 main functions of proteins

A

Enzymes-increase reactions
Transporters- pass material through membrane
Receptors- change cellular activity, allow certain reactions. The “on” switch for neuronal reactions
Antigens- allows cellular identity
Transcription factors- turn on or off gene expression

26
Q

Identify the first enzyme needed for transcription to begin

A

Binding of RNA Polymerase to promoter

27
Q

3 types of RNA poly and what each type makes

A

I- rRNA transcription (makes ribosomes)
II- mRNA transcription (code)
III- tRNA transcription (helps with translation)

28
Q

State the direction RNA poly travels down the template, and the direction the new strand of RNA is being made

A

Poly reads DNA and copies RNA strand from 5’-3’

29
Q

________ takes the place of thymine in DNA

A

Uracil

30
Q

Identify the “cap” added to the 5’ end of the mRNA

A

7-methylguanine

31
Q

Identify the code at the 3’ end of housekeeping gene

A

AAUAAA

32
Q

Identify what is added to the 3’ end of housekeeping genes

A

Addition of 100-200 A’s (the poly A tail)

33
Q

Explain why these two structures are added to mRNA

A

It’s used for stability and support to cytoplasm

34
Q

Identify the location of the splicing mRNA

A

Occurs in the nucleus

35
Q

Identify the splice donor and the splice acceptor and where they’re found in mRNA

A

5’ end of all introns start with GU (splice donor)

3’ end of all introns end with AG (splice acceptor)

36
Q

State the number of bases usually found in small nuclear RNA, and what transcribes it

A

Less than 200 bp. Transcribed by RNA Poly II

37
Q

Explain how alternative splicing affects gene expression

A

Some exons may be included in the splice, resulting in a different protein being translated

38
Q

Explain how splicing can be used as a method of evolution and speciation

A

Can produce many proteins from same gene-greater protein diversity

39
Q

Describe the two subunits that make up a ribosome

A

60S and 40S. Each subunit is comprised of proteins and RNA

40
Q

Translation purpose

A

Producing protein from mRNA strand

41
Q

How do you make protein from mRNA strand

A

Linking individual amino acids in polypeptide chain

42
Q

Where does translation occur

A

In cytoplasm

43
Q

What’s the translation organelle

A

The ribosome

44
Q

Identify the role amino acids play in the formation of a protein

A

They are the building blocks of protein

45
Q

Write the correct formula for amino acid

A 
O  H
          ||   |
H-O-C-C-NH2
               |
               R
46
Q

Explain the role of the functional group in an amino acid and protein

A

Gives the protein it’s chemical characteristics, is different for different amino acids, and gives the protein it’s shape

47
Q

Identify the two terminal ends of an amino acid and what their names are

A

?????

48
Q

Define codon

A

mRNA is read in groups of 3 nucleotides, called codons

49
Q

Explain how codons, found on RNA, relate to a specific amino acid, found on tRNA

A

mRNA is read in a group of 3 nucleotides, called codons. Each codon encodes for a specific amino acid

50
Q

Identify the start codon, and what it codes for

A

It’s always AUG, and it encodes for methionine

51
Q

Explain how it is determined that a polypeptide is done translating

A

Translation continues until a stop codon is read (UAA, UAG, or UGA)

52
Q

Scientist who explained the code in the codons, and what year

A

FJ Taylor in 1989

53
Q

Explain the code in the codons

A

The first nucleotide tells what precursor the amino acid is made from. The 2nd nucleotide tells the polarity of amino acid. The third nucleotide has no specific function but has the greatest diversity

54
Q

Summarize the role of each RNA used in translation

A

mRNA: holds code for structure of protein
tRNA: have anticodons, and bind specific amino acids
rRNA: part of ribosome

55
Q

List the three phases of translation

A

Initiation, elongation, and termination

56
Q

Describe what happens in initiation

A

Binding tRNA anticodon UAC with the start codon AUG

57
Q

Describe what happens in elongation

A

Uses elongation factors, and ATP and GTP
Ribosome binds to 2 codons (tRNA enters A site and binds to mRNA, peptide bond forms between amino acid in P site with new one in A site. P site a.a is released. Ribosome moves down mRNA then empty tRNA is released and new mRNA codon is in A site)

58
Q

Describe what happens in termination

A

Stop codon is reached, OH is added to end of peptide, and is released by release factors

59
Q

List the three sites found in a ribosome that are used for translation

A

A site, P site, E site

60
Q

Summarize the role each site plays in translation.

A

tRNA enters A site and binds to mRNA.

Peptide bond forms between amino acid in P site with new one in A site. P site a.a. is released

Ribosome moves down mRNA towards 3’ end and Empty tRNA is released, and new mRNA codon is in A site. Process repeats

Bio (11 decks)

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