Energy And Biosynthesis

Question 1

Most biological reactions require __________________________

Answer 1

Temps well above those in the body to proceed spontaneously

Question 2

Explain the function of an enzyme

Answer 2

Catalyze (encourage) a specific chemical reaction

Question 3

Define metabolic pathway

Answer 3

Reactions are connected in a series, building upon the other

Question 4

Explain how metabolic pathways and metabolism are related

Answer 4

The different pathways (metabolic pathways) are all interconnected into a web of reactions called your metabolism

Question 5

List and explain the two basic types of reactions in the body

Answer 5

Catabolic: break down foodstuffs into smaller molecules/and provides both energy for cell and building blocks for larger polymers

Anabolic: uses energy (from catabolism) to synthesize compounds

Question 6

Explain the cyclical nature of catabolism and anabolism

Answer 6

Catabolic provides energy for the cell and anabolic uses the energy from the catabolism to synthesize compounds

Question 7

Define entropy

Answer 7

The level of disorder in a system

Question 8

State the 2nd law of thermodynamics

Answer 8

Over time the level of disorder (entropy) in a system increases

Question 9

Describe how biological structures are able to overcome the 2nd law of thermodynamics

Answer 9

Biological structures decrease the entropy (increase the order) of their form (use energy, gotten from the environment and stored in chemical bonds, to accomplish this)

Question 10

Provide an example, from your life, in which entropy occurred, and how you were able to overcome it (for awhile)

Answer 10

My room was messy and I cleaned it but it eventually got messy again

Question 11

Explain how, when decreasing entropy in a biological system, entropy is increased elsewhere

Answer 11

The order created by the cell releases heat, and that heat increases the KE of surrounding molecules-increasing their entropy

Question 12

State the 1st law of thermodynamics

Answer 12

Energy cannot be created nor destroyed

Question 13

If energy can’t be created or destroyed, what can be done with it?

Answer 13

Energy can be converted from one type to another

Question 14

Define activated carriers

Answer 14

Molecules with easily transferable energy

Question 15

Describe how activated carriers are used in photosynthesis

Answer 15

First stage captures solar energy into activated carriers and in the second stage the carriers drive carbon-fixing process, turning CO2 into C6H12O6-stored energy

Question 16

Explain where the energy used by heterotrophs comes from

Answer 16

Sugars in plants and small and large molecules from food are oxidized (controlled burn) to obtain energy

Question 17

List the most stable form of carbon, in the presence of oxygen

Answer 17

CO2

Question 18

List the most stable form of hydrogen, in the presence of oxygen

Answer 18

H2O

Question 19

Explain the connection between oxidation and useful biological energy

Answer 19

The oxidation of molecules is like a “slow burn” and this “burning” oxidation of the molecules releases biological energy that can then be used to carry out useful functions

Question 20

Differentiate between oxidation and reduction-in all of their manifestations

Answer 20

Oxidation is the addition of O to a molecule, the transfer of electrons away from a molecule (making it more positive), and the removal of H+ ions (dehydrogenation)

Reduction is the addition of electrons to a molecule (gotten from the oxidized molecule) and the addition of H+ ions (hydrogenation)

Question 21

Explain the purpose of activation carriers

Answer 21

Used to store energy for unfavorable reactions, stores energy rich covalent bonds or high energy electrons, can be a source of energy or a source of chemical groups for other reactions

Question 22

Define covalent bond

Answer 22

They share valence electrons

Question 23

Define high energy electron

Answer 23

high energy electrons = electrons pushed to a higher energy level

Question 24

List the three types of activation carriers

Answer 24

ATP, NADH, NADPH

Question 25

State what these covalent bonds or high energy electrons are used for in biological systems

Answer 25

They can be a source of energy, or a source of chemical groups for other reactions