principles of surgery

Question 1

what practices used to minimize risk of infection following surgical procedure

Answer 1

aseptic technique

Question 2

what does aseptic technique include

Answer 2

mngmt of surgical facility, paitent, surgical site, surgeons and eqpmnt

Question 3

what are disenfectants for

Answer 3

clean facilities
- but dont eliminate spores

Question 4

what is the imptnce of sterilization

Answer 4

so all microogranisms (spores too) are killed

Question 5

ways to sterilize

Answer 5

pressure steam (autoclave)
chemicals

Question 6

what is used to determine if a surgical pack is sterilized from autoclave

Answer 6

heat sensitive markers

Question 7

typical surgical pack is composed of

Answer 7

needle holder, forceps, hemostats, tissue scissors, draping material, & gauze sponges

Question 8

what are instruments made from to be durable and decrease corrosion

Answer 8

stainless steel

Question 9

why do surgeons hold their hand up with elbows down after scrubbing in

Answer 9

bacteria on hand can drip down to elbow, but elbow’s cant move to hand

keeps hands clean

Question 10

_____ w/use of antiseptics = ____

Answer 10

contact time
important

Question 11

why is prolonged contact necessary when using antiseptics

Answer 11

they don’t kill bacteria immediaitely

Question 12

clean surguries (spay, castration) is when

Answer 12

healthy skin & tissue is removed

Question 13

what kinds of surguries are riskier

Answer 13

w/mouth, intestine, contaminated wounds

Question 14

risk of infection = _____ to degree of contamination

Answer 14

directly proportional

Question 15

name the stages of healing

Answer 15

hemostasis phase
inflammation phase
proliferation/repair phase
remodel (not learned abt)

Question 16

hemostasis phase is

Answer 16

right after trauma/incision

Question 17

T/F
bleeding during hemostasis phase is beneficial in flushing the would of contamination

Answer 17

TRUE

Question 18

if blood vessels contrict

Answer 18

slows flow of blood

Question 19

coagulation means

Answer 19

clotting (blood)

Question 20

how is coagulation beneficial in hemostasis phase

Answer 20

blood clots, and protects from excess bleeding

Question 21

what fills & seals wound

Answer 21

fibrin clot

Question 22

a scab is a ____ and does what

Answer 22

dried clot
- protects dmged area and allows healing underneath

Question 23

during inflmmtn phase - blood vessels ____ and release ___ & ___

Answer 23

dilute
histamine
prostaglandins

Question 24

how does swelling happens in the inflmmtn phase

Answer 24

increased blood flow to area -> plasma leakage + swelling
-> paint and redness

Question 24

what does the infmmtn phase do to destroy tissue & bacteria

Answer 24

brings move WBCs - neutrophils & monocytes protect wound from bacteria & tissue debris

Question 25

in which phase do fibroblasts enter dmged area and form fibre-rich connective tissue

Answer 25

proliferation/repair

Question 26

T/F capillaries dont grow into newly formed connective tissue and do not provide any o2 or nutrients to tissue

Answer 26

FALSE - capillaries DO grow and DO provide nutrients and o2

Question 27

granulation tissue is also known as

Answer 27

healing tissue ( has granular appeareance)

Question 28

more ____ if despoited after wound looks completely healed

Answer 28

collagen - would size = decrease overtime

Question 29

____ brings skin closer tgt = less time for epithelial cell to reach across entire wound

Answer 29

contraction

Question 30

incisions are brought tgt by

Answer 30

sutures

Question 31

would w/edges closely apposed (align edges w/o tension)

Answer 31

first intention healing

Question 32

what is the golden period

Answer 32

first 6-8hrs after incision made - bacterias # = modest -> able to close wound

Question 33

if after the 6-8hrs of golden period

Answer 33

bacteria # = too high to suture

Question 34

second intension healing is when

Answer 34

granulation tissue = needed to fill gap b/w skin edges for epithelial cells to grow

Question 35

condition in horse - overgrowth of granulated tissue

Answer 35

proud flesh overgrowth = big ego = proud

Question 36

if horse has proud flesh, what is the ideal thing to do

Answer 36

suture lacerations on horse imedtly for 1st intention healing

Question 37

process where dmged & cntmated tissue are removed is called

Answer 37

debridement

Question 38

hemotoma is

Answer 38

accmltn of blood in dead space

Question 39

what fluid is similar to serum w/small # of RBCs

Answer 39

seroma

Question 40

what colours can seroma be

Answer 40

straw-coloured = no RBCS light red = rbc

Question 41

collection of fluid = _____ on incision

Answer 41

high tension - prevents skill from adhering to tissue underneath

Question 42

if fluid is present, what should be done to allow complete healing

Answer 42

remove fluid - if not removed -> pressure buildup -> fluid leakage

Question 43

breaking of wound edges is called and what could cause it

Answer 43

dehiscence - excess tension/infection

Question 44

simple interrupted

Answer 44

suture passes straight though 2 sides of incision

Question 45

simple continous

Answer 45

initial simple interrupted -> tied -> resultings ends are not cut

Question 46

purpose of suture is to ____ not ____ the tissues

Answer 46

appose edges overtighten

Question 47

T/F endoscope is more invasive than conventional surgery

Answer 47

FALSE less invasive

Question 48

recumbent paitent are

Answer 48

anml's under anesthesia

Question 49

what can't anml's do when udner anesthesia

Answer 49

maintain body temp - heavy towel/blanket

Question 50

ventral midline incision is preformed for a

Answer 50

ovariohysterectomy (spay)

Question 51

intestinal anastomosis is a procedure where

Answer 51

2 regions of intestine are joined manually or w/staples (stainless steel) - dmged area of intestine = removed

Question 52

what is the surigical EM in dogs called when they eat large meals/vols of water and is physically active after

Answer 52

gatric dilation=volvulus syndrome (GDV syndrome) - accmltn of gas & rotation of stomach

Question 53

during lung surgeries, what should anaesthetist do regularing

Answer 53

breath for anml - breathes are coordinated by surgeon

Question 54

what must be created to avoid leakage of air in lung surgery

Answer 54

airtight seal