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THEME 1 > Principles of Skeletal System > Flashcards

Principles of Skeletal System Flashcards

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1
Q

Which two structures is your skeletal system divided into?

A

Axial + Appendicular

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2
Q

What does the axial structure contain?

A

Skull + vertebrae + ribs

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3
Q

What does the appendicular structure contain?

A

limbs and pelvis

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4
Q

When does bone development begin and end?

A

8 weeks ends at 20 years

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5
Q

Bone comes from which germ cells? and more specifically….

A

mesoderm

The paraxial and lateral plate

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6
Q

What does paraxial mesoderm form, and using what?

A

axial skeleton

somites

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7
Q

What does the lateral plate mesoderm form?

A

limbs (appendicular structure)

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8
Q

Ossification can occur in which two ways?

A

Intramembranous

Endochondral

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9
Q

What is mesenchyme?

A

mainly mesodermal embryonic tissue

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10
Q

What is intramembranous ossification?

A

direct mineralisation of the connective tissue.

process of bone development from fibrous membrane

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11
Q

Where does intramembranous ossification occur ?

A

In the skull, mandible and clavicle (FLAT BONES)

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12
Q

How do bones in the skill grow?

A

around the direct mineralisation or arterial/capillary network

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13
Q

The starting point of bone growth is known as the?

A

primary ossification centre

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14
Q

What direction does intramembranous ossification grow in?

A

Radially

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15
Q

What happens to the connective tissue which formed a guide for the bone growth and is penetrated by blood cells?

A

bone marrow

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16
Q

What is Endochondral Ossification?

A

The process of bone development from cartilage which comes from the mesenchyme

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17
Q

What happens to the cartilage in Endochondral ossification?

A

it gets replaced by bone - OSTEOGENESIS

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18
Q

What is the first thing cartilage makes in endochondral ossification?

A

A bone collar which then surrounds the diaphysis

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19
Q

What does diaphysis mean?

A

shaft or main body of bone

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20
Q

What 2 types of bone are made in endochondral ossification?

A

compact bone

Spongy bone

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21
Q

A secondary centre for bone growth appears where?

A

The epiphysis

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22
Q

What type of bone does the secondary centre make?

A

spongy

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23
Q

What is a growth plate?

A

The epiphyseal plate is the area of growing tissue in long bone (near edge)

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24
Q

How does bone growth work?

A

Associated with partial reabsorption of previously laid down down

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25
At what gestation does bone get penetrated with blood vessels?
week 9
26
What would you not be able to see in a mature bone ?
The epiphyseal plate
27
What minerals and vitamins are needed for bone maintenance?
Vit A, C, D Calcium Phosphorus
28
What is Vitamin A important for?
Bone remodelling
29
What is Vitamin C important for?
Connective tissue
30
What is Vitamin D essential for?
Calcium absorption
31
Bone development is controlled by what?
hormones
32
Which hormones control bone development?
Parathyroid hormone | Growth Hormone
33
What does parathyroid hormone do in bone development?
Increases the reabsorption of bone --> Creates an increase in amount of calcium circulating in blood
34
What does growth hormone do for bone development?
if you have a lack of growth hormone --> dwarfism | Or an increase in amount after puberty --> acromegaly
35
What produce growth hormone?
pituitary gland
36
What is cartilage?
a form of connective tissue
37
Does cartilage have vascularity ?
no
38
What does bone form from?
connective tissue
39
What is the periosteum?
covering of a bone
40
What is the perichondrium?
the connective tissue surrounding cartilage
41
What 4 cell types make up bone?
Osteoprogenitor cells Osteoblasts Osteocytes Osteoclasts
42
what are osteoprogenitor cells?
stem cells of bone which form osteoblasts
43
What are osteoblasts?
build new bone, occur on the outside of bone. | Lay down organic matrix
44
What are osteocytes?
osteoblasts stuck in the matrix they make
45
What are osteoclasts?
eaters of bone
46
What hormone stimulated all 4 cells?
parathyroid hormone
47
What is compact bone covered in?
periosteum
48
Describe the structure of compact bone?
concentric layers of inorganic matrix - lamella
49
What is the Haversian canal?
Verticle channel which runs through the lamella to hold the blood and nerve supply
50
Each osteocyte occupies....
its own llamella
51
What do nutrients travel in to the osteocyte
the canaliculi
52
What is spongy bone known as?
cancellous bone
53
What is its structure?
irregular lamellae
54
What surrounds spongy bone and makes it a distinctive colour?
bone marrow surrounds so makes it red (highly vascularised)
55
What are long bones?
shaft with two ends
56
What are flat bones?
cranium, ribs , sternum
57
What are irregular bones?
vertebrae
58
What are short bones?
carpal, tarsus,
59
What are sesamoid bones?
bone embedded in a bone or tendon | patella, big toe, thumb
60
What is a facet?
articulation process
61
What is a crest?
Ridge
62
What is a spine?
pointy bit
63
What is trochlea?
pulley
64
What is a groove?
shallow hollow
65
What is a foramen?
hole
66
What is a condyle?
rounded edge
67
What is a epicondyle?
above the condyle (rounded edge)
68
What is a tuberosity?
raised prominence
69
What is a trochanter?
bigger
70
What is head?
head of something
71
What is Protuberance?
sticking out bits
72
What is a synovial joint?
joint capsule and synovial cavity. Allow movement
73
What is a fibrous joint?
connected by collagen, don't want movement ie. skull
74
What are cartilaginous joints?
connected by cartilage to allow for some movement

THEME 1 (10 decks)

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