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THEME 1 > Principles of Skeletal System > Flashcards

Principles of Skeletal System Flashcards

1
Q

Which two structures is your skeletal system divided into?

A

Axial + Appendicular

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2
Q

What does the axial structure contain?

A

Skull + vertebrae + ribs

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3
Q

What does the appendicular structure contain?

A

limbs and pelvis

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4
Q

When does bone development begin and end?

A

8 weeks ends at 20 years

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5
Q

Bone comes from which germ cells? and more specifically….

A

mesoderm

The paraxial and lateral plate

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6
Q

What does paraxial mesoderm form, and using what?

A

axial skeleton

somites

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7
Q

What does the lateral plate mesoderm form?

A

limbs (appendicular structure)

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8
Q

Ossification can occur in which two ways?

A

Intramembranous

Endochondral

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9
Q

What is mesenchyme?

A

mainly mesodermal embryonic tissue

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10
Q

What is intramembranous ossification?

A

direct mineralisation of the connective tissue.

process of bone development from fibrous membrane

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11
Q

Where does intramembranous ossification occur ?

A

In the skull, mandible and clavicle (FLAT BONES)

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12
Q

How do bones in the skill grow?

A

around the direct mineralisation or arterial/capillary network

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13
Q

The starting point of bone growth is known as the?

A

primary ossification centre

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14
Q

What direction does intramembranous ossification grow in?

A

Radially

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15
Q

What happens to the connective tissue which formed a guide for the bone growth and is penetrated by blood cells?

A

bone marrow

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16
Q

What is Endochondral Ossification?

A

The process of bone development from cartilage which comes from the mesenchyme

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17
Q

What happens to the cartilage in Endochondral ossification?

A

it gets replaced by bone - OSTEOGENESIS

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18
Q

What is the first thing cartilage makes in endochondral ossification?

A

A bone collar which then surrounds the diaphysis

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19
Q

What does diaphysis mean?

A

shaft or main body of bone

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20
Q

What 2 types of bone are made in endochondral ossification?

A

compact bone

Spongy bone

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21
Q

A secondary centre for bone growth appears where?

A

The epiphysis

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22
Q

What type of bone does the secondary centre make?

A

spongy

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23
Q

What is a growth plate?

A

The epiphyseal plate is the area of growing tissue in long bone (near edge)

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24
Q

How does bone growth work?

A

Associated with partial reabsorption of previously laid down down

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25
Q

At what gestation does bone get penetrated with blood vessels?

A

week 9

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26
Q

What would you not be able to see in a mature bone ?

A

The epiphyseal plate

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27
Q

What minerals and vitamins are needed for bone maintenance?

A

Vit A, C, D
Calcium
Phosphorus

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28
Q

What is Vitamin A important for?

A

Bone remodelling

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29
Q

What is Vitamin C important for?

A

Connective tissue

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30
Q

What is Vitamin D essential for?

A

Calcium absorption

31
Q

Bone development is controlled by what?

A

hormones

32
Q

Which hormones control bone development?

A

Parathyroid hormone

Growth Hormone

33
Q

What does parathyroid hormone do in bone development?

A

Increases the reabsorption of bone –> Creates an increase in amount of calcium circulating in blood

34
Q

What does growth hormone do for bone development?

A

if you have a lack of growth hormone –> dwarfism

Or an increase in amount after puberty –> acromegaly

35
Q

What produce growth hormone?

A

pituitary gland

36
Q

What is cartilage?

A

a form of connective tissue

37
Q

Does cartilage have vascularity ?

A

no

38
Q

What does bone form from?

A

connective tissue

39
Q

What is the periosteum?

A

covering of a bone

40
Q

What is the perichondrium?

A

the connective tissue surrounding cartilage

41
Q

What 4 cell types make up bone?

A

Osteoprogenitor cells
Osteoblasts
Osteocytes
Osteoclasts

42
Q

what are osteoprogenitor cells?

A

stem cells of bone which form osteoblasts

43
Q

What are osteoblasts?

A

build new bone, occur on the outside of bone.

Lay down organic matrix

44
Q

What are osteocytes?

A

osteoblasts stuck in the matrix they make

45
Q

What are osteoclasts?

A

eaters of bone

46
Q

What hormone stimulated all 4 cells?

A

parathyroid hormone

47
Q

What is compact bone covered in?

A

periosteum

48
Q

Describe the structure of compact bone?

A

concentric layers of inorganic matrix - lamella

49
Q

What is the Haversian canal?

A

Verticle channel which runs through the lamella to hold the blood and nerve supply

50
Q

Each osteocyte occupies….

A

its own llamella

51
Q

What do nutrients travel in to the osteocyte

A

the canaliculi

52
Q

What is spongy bone known as?

A

cancellous bone

53
Q

What is its structure?

A

irregular lamellae

54
Q

What surrounds spongy bone and makes it a distinctive colour?

A

bone marrow surrounds so makes it red (highly vascularised)

55
Q

What are long bones?

A

shaft with two ends

56
Q

What are flat bones?

A

cranium, ribs , sternum

57
Q

What are irregular bones?

A

vertebrae

58
Q

What are short bones?

A

carpal, tarsus,

59
Q

What are sesamoid bones?

A

bone embedded in a bone or tendon

patella, big toe, thumb

60
Q

What is a facet?

A

articulation process

61
Q

What is a crest?

A

Ridge

62
Q

What is a spine?

A

pointy bit

63
Q

What is trochlea?

A

pulley

64
Q

What is a groove?

A

shallow hollow

65
Q

What is a foramen?

A

hole

66
Q

What is a condyle?

A

rounded edge

67
Q

What is a epicondyle?

A

above the condyle (rounded edge)

68
Q

What is a tuberosity?

A

raised prominence

69
Q

What is a trochanter?

A

bigger

70
Q

What is head?

A

head of something

71
Q

What is Protuberance?

A

sticking out bits

72
Q

What is a synovial joint?

A

joint capsule and synovial cavity. Allow movement

73
Q

What is a fibrous joint?

A

connected by collagen, don’t want movement ie. skull

74
Q

What are cartilaginous joints?

A

connected by cartilage to allow for some movement

THEME 1 (10 decks)

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