Intro to Physiology

Question 1

What is physiology?

Answer 1

Applying physics to medical functioning to explain how living things work

Question 2

What are the 3 levels to physiology?

Answer 2

patient, organ, cell

Question 3

What does physiology focus on in people?

Answer 3

NORMAL function of the body with salts/electrolytes

Question 4

What does physiology provide medicine with?

Answer 4

the basis of therapeutics

Question 5

What is pathophysiology?

Answer 5

the mechanism by which a disease process causes the organ to fail

Question 6

Describe the pathophysiology of diabetes type 1?

Answer 6

1) Beta cells in pancreas destroyed by immune system
2) Insufficient insulin production
3) hyperglycaemia in blood
4) Kidneys cannot reabsorb more glucose
5) Glucose goes into urnie
6) excess water lost in urine
7) loss of glucose
8) weight loss, hunger, thirst, fatigue

Question 7

What does an ECG measure?

Answer 7

the electrical field given off by all heart muscle cells which act in synchrony

Question 8

What do we look for on an ECG if someone is having a heart attack?

Answer 8

ST elevation

Question 9

Which reaction is involved in the secretion of Stomach Acid?

Answer 9

The Carbonic Anhydrase Reaction

Question 10

Where can the parietal cells be found?

Answer 10

Cardia of the stomach

Question 11

What do the parietal cells do?

Answer 11

epithelial cells which secrete HCL and intrinsic factor

Question 12

The Carbonic Anhydrase Ruction takes places within…

Answer 12

the parietal cell of the gastric epithelium

Question 13

Describe the carbonic anhydrase reaction?

Answer 13

Co2 enters from the blood into a parietal cell. This dissociates into carbonic acid h2co3 with water using enzyme carbonic anhydrase. This then dissociates into bicarbonate hco3 and H proton. The proton goes into the lumen (Apical) and the bicarb goes into the blood (basal)

Question 14

What are the 3 functions of carbonic anhydrase?

Answer 14

1) to create an acid and a base
2) Aid the movement of H protons which are charged therefore hard to cross cell membranes
3) Helps transport Co2 around the body which is poorly soluble in blood

Question 15

What is homeostasis?

Answer 15

the regulation of a cells internal environment so it maintains a stable condition

Question 16

List the 6 parts to a feedback loop

Answer 16

1. physical change
2. effect on body
3. Sensor pick up
4. Effector Organ stimulated physiological action
5. A physical change occurs (Response)
   which can be POSITIVE OR NEGATIVE caused
6. Body Parameter eg. body temp

Question 17

What are examples of negative feedback loops in homeostasis?

Answer 17

Thermoregulation
Insulin and Glucagon
Baroreceptors

Question 18

What are baroreceptors?

Answer 18

sensors which control blood pressure

Question 19

Positive feedback is important for what sort of events?

Answer 19

those which must reach completion

Question 20

What limits positive feedback?

Answer 20

the energy entering the system at the amplifier

Question 21

Example of positive feedback?

Answer 21

giving birth
Lactation/suckling
Action Potential

Question 22

Describe the positive feedback loop for giving birth.

Answer 22

1. Pertubation: the baby moves forward
2. Effect on body: The cervix is stretched
3. Sensor: Stretch receptors in cervix detect a stretch
4. Physiological response: The pituitary gland release oxytocin
5. Physical change: uterus contracts
6. body parameter: baby position in womb