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THEME 1 > Cell physiology of Ions 1 > Flashcards

Cell physiology of Ions 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is a solvent?

A

the fluid present

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2
Q

What is the solute?

A

the particles dissolved in the solvent

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3
Q

What is Ionic Gradient?

A

the difference in concentration of ions between two points in space

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4
Q

How much of the body is water?

A

60%

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5
Q

How much of the water in our body is in our intracellular fluid?

A

2/3

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6
Q

How much of the water in our body is in our extracellular fluid?

A

1/3

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7
Q

What does the extracellular fluid consist of?

A

Interstitial fluid 3/4 + Plasma 1/4

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8
Q

List the four fluid compartments of the body?

A

plasma, interstitial, intracellular and transceullar

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9
Q

What is the chemical composition of plasma?

A

Na+

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10
Q

What is the composition of interstitial fluid?

A

plasma + lack of blood proteins

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11
Q

What is the composition of intracellular fluid?

A

potassium based + lots of proteins (anions)

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12
Q

Where can transcellular fluid be found?

A

in the lumen of tubes and organs

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13
Q

Give examples of Transcellular fluid.

A

CSF, Urine, chyme (GI Tract)

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14
Q

What is Diffusion?

A

The process of solute molecules passively moving down their concentration gradient

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15
Q

What does diffusion not involve the movement of ?

A

the solvent

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16
Q

What is Osmosis?

A

the process of water molecules passively moving down their concentration gradient

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17
Q

What is an Ion?

A

an charged atom or molecule

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18
Q

What is a cation?

A

a positively charged ion

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19
Q

What is an anion?

A

a negatively charged Ion

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20
Q

What are electrolytes ?

A

ionised components of living fluid

21
Q

List 5 cations.

A

Na+, K+, Ca2+, H+, Mg2+

22
Q

List 5 anions.

A

OH-, Cl-, HCO3-, SO4-, PO4- (phosphate)

23
Q

What 2 things is phosphate important for?

A

in reactions involving ATP and in the Bone

24
Q

Why is sulphate important?

A

structurally in glycosaminoglycans (molecule which make connective tissue and bone)

25
Q

Where can we find Ions (6) ?

A 
Free in a solution
Tightly bound to another molecule
Sequestered behind a membrane organelle 
In teeth/bones
Buffered- non specifically bound
Chelated - specifically bound
26
Q

Explain how ions cross the membrane via Channels

A

Channels- membrane proteins which open and close to specific ions. Using a pore

27
Q

Explain how ions cross the membrane via Co-Transporters.

A

Co-Transporters- 2 ions will attach to a protein which moves them both through membrane. Down conc. gradient.

28
Q

Explain how ions cross the membrane via Pumps.

A

Pumps- SLOWEST only active one membrane proteins which use ATP to pump ions across the membrane (usually against conc gradient)
K+ Na+ ATPase

29
Q

Explain how ions cross the membrane via exchangers.

A

one ion goes out another goes in. CL, HC03-

30
Q

Explain how ions cross the membrane via Leak.

A

unexplained movement of ions.

31
Q

What 2 main jobs do ions do?

A

They start cellular processes + Act as second messengers

32
Q

Explain how second messengers work in fertilisation?

A

Ca2+

sperm hits the outside of the egg, which leads to Ca2+ increase inside the egg.

33
Q

Explain how second messengers work in muscle contraction?

A

neural signal –> muscle. a signal is sent across the membrane which triggers an increase in intracellular calcium

34
Q

Explain how second messengers work in exocytosis?

A

stimulated from outside the cell

35
Q

what 4 things can Ions do?

A

create energy ATP
move water
activate enzymes
control transmembrane voltage

36
Q

What Ion does water usually follow?

A

Chloride

37
Q

High levels of calcium stimulates which enzyme used to phosphorylate other proteins?

A

Protein Kinase C

38
Q

What is oedema?

A

collection of fluid in the extracellular space

39
Q

What Is voltage?

A

a potential difference between 2 points in space of an electric field

40
Q

What is the equation for voltage?

A

V = I x R
or
I = g xV
(g is conductance)

41
Q

Which Ions form the majority of those found inside and outside the cell?

A

Potassium (cation) inside cell, Sodium (cation) outside of cell

42
Q

What does the movement of Ions across the cell membrane lead to?

A

electrical currents

43
Q

What is the sign for membrane potential?

A

Vm. (Reality)

44
Q

What is the sign for resting membrane potential?

A

RMP or Vrest. (hypothetical)

45
Q

What are the 2 forces on each Ion?

A

Chemical force

Electrical force

46
Q

What is the chemical force on an Ion?

A

the difference in concentration across the membrane

47
Q

What is chemical force also known as in Ions?

A

diffusional force

48
Q

What measurement is electrical force based on in Ions?

A

Vm membrane potential

49
Q

What is electrical force in Ions?

A

a few positive charges are unpaired with negative charges on the same side of the membrane

THEME 1 (10 decks)

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