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POM Exam 2 > Principles of Pathology 2 > Flashcards

Principles of Pathology 2 Flashcards

1
Q

inflammation

A
  • localizes or eliminates the cause of injury
  • removes injured tissue components
  • leads to repair
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2
Q

inflammation mediated by

A
  • extracellular molecular signals that activate humoral and cellular inflammatory pathways
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3
Q

role of inflammation mediators

A
  • causes the movement of fluid and leukocytes from blood into extravascular compartment
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4
Q

double edged sword of inflammation

A
  • usually is beneficial

- but can cause morbidity and mortality

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5
Q

four cardinal signs of inflammation

A
  • rubor (redness)
  • tumor (swelling)
  • calor (heat)
  • dolor (pain)
  • functio laesa (loss of function)
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6
Q

what acute inflammation looks like in the cell

A
  • has densely packed polymorphonuclear neutrophils with MULTI LOBED nuclei
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7
Q

what chronic inflammation looks like in the cell

A
  • has mononuclear leukocytes, including lymphocytes, monocytes, macrophages, and plasma cells
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8
Q

acute inflammation result

A
  • much more vascular of a response
  • vasodilation
  • activation of humoral mediators
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9
Q

acute inflammation vasodilation

A
  • resulting in increased blood flow causing redness and transudation of fluid causing edema
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10
Q

acute inflammation activation of humoral mediators

A
  • causing pain, exudation of plasma proteins, and transmigration of neutrophils
  • influx of numerous neutrophils
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11
Q

chronic inflammation

A
  • much more cell mediated
  • influx of mononuclear leukocytes
  • increased extracellular matrix (collagen)
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12
Q

mononuclear leukocyte example

A
  • lymphocytes
  • monocytes
  • macrophages
  • plasma cells
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13
Q

response to injury

A
  • incised wound
  • erythema and scab
  • erythema and purulent exudate
  • scab with erythema and hemosiderin staining
  • separated scab, hemorrhage, and granulation tissue
  • re-epitheliazed granulation tissue (young scar)
  • scar
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14
Q

incision with hemorrhage

A
  • injury initiates a response to injury that leads to complete restitution of tissue or chronic changes such as scarring
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15
Q

coagulation stops hemorrhage

A
  • early events

- humoral and cellular activation

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16
Q

inflammation humoral example

A
  • coagulation
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17
Q

inflammation cellular example

A
  • platelet
  • mast cell
  • neutrophil
  • endothelial
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18
Q

how do nutrients get to sites of injury

A
  • follow chemotactic gradients
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19
Q

monocytes in inflammation

A
  • enter sites of acute inflammation and initially release factors similar to neutrophils
  • transform into macrophages
20
Q

macrophages in inflammation

A
  • phagocytic and secrete cytokines that attract lymphocytes
21
Q

fibroblast proliferation

A
  • growth/proliferation factors produced by lymphocytes, macrophages, fibroblasts and endothelial cells mediate repair
22
Q

endothelial proliferation

A
  • new capillaries grow into devitalized tissue to supply oxygen and nutrients for repair
23
Q

new small vessel in granulation tissue

A
  • this state of repair is characterized by granulation tissue
24
Q

granulation tissue

A
  • new capillaries in young fibrous tissue
25
Q

residual (excess) collagen at site of injury

A
  • scar

- excess collagen (fibrosis, scar) may remain at sites of repair

26
Q

fibrosis and dysfunction

A
  • fibrosis caused by cell/tissue injury can contribute to long term morbidity (dysfunction)
27
Q

fibrosis with hematoxylin and eosin staining

A
  • it is pink
28
Q

fibrosis with Masson trichrome staining

A
  • it is blue
29
Q

thrombosis

A
  • activation of circulating platelets and coagulation factors
30
Q

when does thrombosis occur

A
  • occurs when endothelial function is altered
  • endothelial continuity is lost
  • blood flow is reduced
31
Q

cause of hemorrhagic disease

A
  • inadequate thrombosis
32
Q

cause of ischemic diseases

A
  • thrombosis that obstructs adequate flow
33
Q

cause of thromboembolic disease

A
  • embolization
34
Q

possible causes of DVT

A
  • stasis (most common)
  • vascular injury
  • hypercoagulability
  • advanced age
  • sickle cell disease
35
Q

possible outcomes DVT

A
  • lysis
  • propagation - keeps getting bigger
  • organization - endothelial cell grow over it. Form a plug
  • recanalization - endothelial cells form new blood vessels
  • embolization
36
Q

what does PTT used for

A
  • partial thromboplastin time
  • find cause of abnormal bleeding or bruising
  • check for low levels of blood clotting factors that may cause bleeding disorders
  • check for conditions that cause excess clotting problems
  • check if it is safe to do a procedure or surgery that might cause bleeding
  • check how well liver is working
37
Q

agenesis

A
  • complete absence of an organ or component of an organ
38
Q

aplasia

A
  • persistence of an underdeveloped organ anise without the mature organ
39
Q

hydroplasia

A
  • reduced size caused by incomplete development
40
Q

atresia

A
  • incomplete formation of a lumen
41
Q

dysplasia

A
  • abnormal tissue differentiation during development
42
Q

ectopia

A
  • normally formed organ that is outside normal anatomic location
43
Q

genetic abnormal morphogenesis

A
  • ADPKD

- autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease

44
Q

teratogenic abnormal morphogenesis

A
  • microcephaly induced by maternal zika virus infection
45
Q

teratogen

A
  • a factor that causes malformation of an embryo
46
Q

cause of cystic fibrosis

A
  • defective chloride channel
  • cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator
  • CFTR
47
Q

CF characterized by

A
  • chronic pulmonary disease
  • deficient exocrine pancreatic function
  • other complications of inspissated (thick) mucus in multiple organs, including small intestine, liver, and reproductive tract

POM Exam 2 (21 decks)

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