Principles of Pathology 2 Flashcards
inflammation
- localizes or eliminates the cause of injury
- removes injured tissue components
- leads to repair
inflammation mediated by
- extracellular molecular signals that activate humoral and cellular inflammatory pathways
role of inflammation mediators
- causes the movement of fluid and leukocytes from blood into extravascular compartment
double edged sword of inflammation
- usually is beneficial
- but can cause morbidity and mortality
four cardinal signs of inflammation
- rubor (redness)
- tumor (swelling)
- calor (heat)
- dolor (pain)
- functio laesa (loss of function)
what acute inflammation looks like in the cell
- has densely packed polymorphonuclear neutrophils with MULTI LOBED nuclei
what chronic inflammation looks like in the cell
- has mononuclear leukocytes, including lymphocytes, monocytes, macrophages, and plasma cells
acute inflammation result
- much more vascular of a response
- vasodilation
- activation of humoral mediators
acute inflammation vasodilation
- resulting in increased blood flow causing redness and transudation of fluid causing edema
acute inflammation activation of humoral mediators
- causing pain, exudation of plasma proteins, and transmigration of neutrophils
- influx of numerous neutrophils
chronic inflammation
- much more cell mediated
- influx of mononuclear leukocytes
- increased extracellular matrix (collagen)
mononuclear leukocyte example
- lymphocytes
- monocytes
- macrophages
- plasma cells
response to injury
- incised wound
- erythema and scab
- erythema and purulent exudate
- scab with erythema and hemosiderin staining
- separated scab, hemorrhage, and granulation tissue
- re-epitheliazed granulation tissue (young scar)
- scar
incision with hemorrhage
- injury initiates a response to injury that leads to complete restitution of tissue or chronic changes such as scarring
coagulation stops hemorrhage
- early events
- humoral and cellular activation
inflammation humoral example
- coagulation
inflammation cellular example
- platelet
- mast cell
- neutrophil
- endothelial
how do nutrients get to sites of injury
- follow chemotactic gradients
monocytes in inflammation
- enter sites of acute inflammation and initially release factors similar to neutrophils
- transform into macrophages
macrophages in inflammation
- phagocytic and secrete cytokines that attract lymphocytes
fibroblast proliferation
- growth/proliferation factors produced by lymphocytes, macrophages, fibroblasts and endothelial cells mediate repair
endothelial proliferation
- new capillaries grow into devitalized tissue to supply oxygen and nutrients for repair
new small vessel in granulation tissue
- this state of repair is characterized by granulation tissue
granulation tissue
- new capillaries in young fibrous tissue
residual (excess) collagen at site of injury
- scar
- excess collagen (fibrosis, scar) may remain at sites of repair
fibrosis and dysfunction
- fibrosis caused by cell/tissue injury can contribute to long term morbidity (dysfunction)
fibrosis with hematoxylin and eosin staining
- it is pink
fibrosis with Masson trichrome staining
- it is blue
thrombosis
- activation of circulating platelets and coagulation factors
when does thrombosis occur
- occurs when endothelial function is altered
- endothelial continuity is lost
- blood flow is reduced
cause of hemorrhagic disease
- inadequate thrombosis
cause of ischemic diseases
- thrombosis that obstructs adequate flow
cause of thromboembolic disease
- embolization
possible causes of DVT
- stasis (most common)
- vascular injury
- hypercoagulability
- advanced age
- sickle cell disease
possible outcomes DVT
- lysis
- propagation - keeps getting bigger
- organization - endothelial cell grow over it. Form a plug
- recanalization - endothelial cells form new blood vessels
- embolization
what does PTT used for
- partial thromboplastin time
- find cause of abnormal bleeding or bruising
- check for low levels of blood clotting factors that may cause bleeding disorders
- check for conditions that cause excess clotting problems
- check if it is safe to do a procedure or surgery that might cause bleeding
- check how well liver is working
agenesis
- complete absence of an organ or component of an organ
aplasia
- persistence of an underdeveloped organ anise without the mature organ
hydroplasia
- reduced size caused by incomplete development
atresia
- incomplete formation of a lumen
dysplasia
- abnormal tissue differentiation during development
ectopia
- normally formed organ that is outside normal anatomic location
genetic abnormal morphogenesis
- ADPKD
- autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease
teratogenic abnormal morphogenesis
- microcephaly induced by maternal zika virus infection
teratogen
- a factor that causes malformation of an embryo
cause of cystic fibrosis
- defective chloride channel
- cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator
- CFTR
CF characterized by
- chronic pulmonary disease
- deficient exocrine pancreatic function
- other complications of inspissated (thick) mucus in multiple organs, including small intestine, liver, and reproductive tract
