Principles of Pathology 1 Flashcards
1
Q
three major definitions of pathology
A
- the scientific medical discipline (science) that studies the structural, molecular, and functional manifestations of disease, and the mechanisms that cause disease
- the structural and functional manifestations of a disease
- a disease
2
Q
disease
A
- molecular, cellular, tissue, organ and organismic damage caused by an etiology and mediated by pathogenic mechanisms
3
Q
diagnosis
A
- the name for a disease
4
Q
etiology
A
- the cause of disease
5
Q
pathogenesis
A
- the sequence of events that leads from the etiology to the manifestations of disease
6
Q
symptom
A
- disease manifestation perceived and reported by the patient
7
Q
sign
A
- manifestation of disease that can be identified by physical examination, laboratory tests, imaging studies, and other methods
8
Q
differential diagnosis
A
- a ranked list of the most likely diagnoses based on the signs and symptoms of disease in a given patient
9
Q
how to narrow the differential diagnosis for the etiology and disease
A
- recognition of the pathogenic mechanism
10
Q
sub cellular changes that occur in reversible injured cells
A
- plasma membrane bleb
- disaggregated ribosomes
- dilated, vesicular endoplasmic reticulum
- aggregated cytoskeletal elements
- mitochondrial swelling and calcification
- increase intracellular volume
11
Q
hypertrophy
A
- the increased size of cells
- increase in structural proteins and organelles
ex: cardiac hypertrophy
12
Q
hyperplasia
A
- controlled proliferation of stem cells and differentiated cells; non-neoplastic increase in the number of cells in an organ or tissue
may progress to dysplasia and cancer
13
Q
atrophy
A
- reduced size of cells or organs
14
Q
metaplasia
A
- reprograming of cells; conversion of one differentiated cell type to another that can adapt to a new stress
- usually due to exposure to an irritant, such as gastric acid (Barret esophagus) or tobacco smoke (respiratory ciliated columnar epithelium replaced by stratified squamous epithelium).
May progress to dysplasia.
15
Q
dysplasia
A
- disordered, pre-cancerous epithelial cell growth and maturation of the cellular components of a tissue
- may be a precursor to malignant neoplasia
- characterized by loss of uniformity of cell size and shape (pleomorphism)
- loss of tissue orientation; nuclear changes
16
Q
neoplasia
A
- autonomous growth of cells that have escaped normal regulation of cell proliferation
17
Q
neoplasms that remain localized
A
- benign
18
Q
neoplasms that spread
A
- or are capable of spreading
- malignant
19
Q
causes of atrophy
A
- reduced Functional demand
- inadequate Oxygen supply
- insufficient Nutrients
- interrupted Trophic signals
- persistent cell Injury
- increased Pressure
- chronic Disease
FD POINT
20
Q
what’s one thing to look for in dysplasia
A
- look for disruption in polarity of the tissue
21
Q
way to tell malignant neoplasms
A
- they have less well differentiated cell that have larger nuclei and are pleomorphic, atypical, hyper chromatic, and more often are undergoing mitosis
22
Q
two major pathways to cell death
A
- apoptosis
- necrosis
23
Q
apoptosis
A
- cell death caused by activation of internal molecular pathways leading to cell death
24
Q
apoptosis versus mitosis
A
- apoptosis decreases the number of cells in a tissue
- mitosis increases the number of cells in a tissue
25
Q
types of apoptosis
A
- physiological
- pathological
26
Q
necrosis
A
- cell death caused by pathological lethal injury that often originates outside the cell
27
Q
how is cell death demonstrated histologically
A
- by nuclear changes
28
Q
normal nucleus
A
- dispersed chromatin and intact nuclear membrane
29
Q
pyknosis
A
- the nucleus becomes smaller and stains deeply basophilic because of chromatin clumping
30
Q
karyorrhexis
A
- the pyknotic nucleus breaks up into many smaller fragments
31
Q
karyolysis
A
- the nucleus may be extruded from the cell or have progressive loss of chromatin staining resulting in the disappearance of the nucleus
32
Q
coagulative necrosis
A
- nuclei disappear (karyolysis)
- cytoplasm becomes more homogenous and acidophilic
- results in residual ghosts of cells with no nuclei
33
Q
gross features of myocardial infarction
A
- localized discoloration of the myocardial tissue caused by ischemic necrosis
34
Q
histologic features of myocardial infarction
A
- localized discoloration on the myocardial tissue with loss of myocardial cell nuclei (karyolysis)
35
Q
liquefactive necrosis
A
- rapid dissolution of cells that liquefies the necrotic tissue
36
Q
liquefactive necrosis cause
A
- more often caused by intense localized infiltration of neutrophilic polymorphonuclear leukocytes (neutrophils) at sites of severe acute inflammation
37
Q
abscess
A
- localized inflammation with liquefactive necrosis
38
Q
caseous necrosis
A
- necrosis caused by tuberculosis with a marginal zone of aggregated macrophages and a central zone of necrosis containing amorphous debris derived from necrotic host cells and necrotic mycobacterial cells
39
Q
granulomas
A
- nodular gross lesions
40
Q
granulomatous inflammation
A
- the dense infiltration of macrophages
41
Q
fat necrosis
A
- affects adipose tissue
- most commonly results from pancreatitis or trauma
- release of lipase that free up fatty acids that bind calcium to form calcium soaps via saponification
