Principles of Pathology 1

Question 1

three major definitions of pathology

Answer 1

• the scientific medical discipline (science) that studies the structural, molecular, and functional manifestations of disease, and the mechanisms that cause disease
• the structural and functional manifestations of a disease
• a disease

Question 2

disease

Answer 2

• molecular, cellular, tissue, organ and organismic damage caused by an etiology and mediated by pathogenic mechanisms

Question 3

diagnosis

Answer 3

• the name for a disease

Question 4

etiology

Answer 4

• the cause of disease

Question 5

pathogenesis

Answer 5

• the sequence of events that leads from the etiology to the manifestations of disease

Question 6

symptom

Answer 6

• disease manifestation perceived and reported by the patient

Question 7

sign

Answer 7

• manifestation of disease that can be identified by physical examination, laboratory tests, imaging studies, and other methods

Question 8

differential diagnosis

Answer 8

• a ranked list of the most likely diagnoses based on the signs and symptoms of disease in a given patient

Question 9

how to narrow the differential diagnosis for the etiology and disease

Answer 9

• recognition of the pathogenic mechanism

Question 10

sub cellular changes that occur in reversible injured cells

Answer 10

• plasma membrane bleb
• disaggregated ribosomes
• dilated, vesicular endoplasmic reticulum
• aggregated cytoskeletal elements
• mitochondrial swelling and calcification
• increase intracellular volume

Question 11

hypertrophy

Answer 11

• the increased size of cells
• increase in structural proteins and organelles

ex: cardiac hypertrophy

Question 12

hyperplasia

Answer 12

• controlled proliferation of stem cells and differentiated cells; non-neoplastic increase in the number of cells in an organ or tissue

may progress to dysplasia and cancer

Question 13

atrophy

Answer 13

• reduced size of cells or organs

Question 14

metaplasia

Answer 14

• reprograming of cells; conversion of one differentiated cell type to another that can adapt to a new stress
• usually due to exposure to an irritant, such as gastric acid (Barret esophagus) or tobacco smoke (respiratory ciliated columnar epithelium replaced by stratified squamous epithelium).

May progress to dysplasia.

Question 15

dysplasia

Answer 15

• disordered, pre-cancerous epithelial cell growth and maturation of the cellular components of a tissue
• may be a precursor to malignant neoplasia
• characterized by loss of uniformity of cell size and shape (pleomorphism)
• loss of tissue orientation; nuclear changes

Question 16

neoplasia

Answer 16

• autonomous growth of cells that have escaped normal regulation of cell proliferation

Question 17

neoplasms that remain localized

Answer 17

• benign

Question 18

neoplasms that spread

Answer 18

• or are capable of spreading

- malignant

Question 19

causes of atrophy

Answer 19

• reduced Functional demand
• inadequate Oxygen supply
• insufficient Nutrients
• interrupted Trophic signals
• persistent cell Injury
• increased Pressure
• chronic Disease

FD POINT

Question 20

what’s one thing to look for in dysplasia

Answer 20

• look for disruption in polarity of the tissue

Question 21

way to tell malignant neoplasms

Answer 21

• they have less well differentiated cell that have larger nuclei and are pleomorphic, atypical, hyper chromatic, and more often are undergoing mitosis

Question 22

two major pathways to cell death

Answer 22

• apoptosis

- necrosis

Question 23

apoptosis

Answer 23

• cell death caused by activation of internal molecular pathways leading to cell death

Question 24

apoptosis versus mitosis

Answer 24

• apoptosis decreases the number of cells in a tissue

- mitosis increases the number of cells in a tissue

Question 25

types of apoptosis

Answer 25

• physiological

- pathological

Question 26

necrosis

Answer 26

• cell death caused by pathological lethal injury that often originates outside the cell

Question 27

how is cell death demonstrated histologically

Answer 27

• by nuclear changes

Question 28

normal nucleus

Answer 28

• dispersed chromatin and intact nuclear membrane

Question 29

pyknosis

Answer 29

• the nucleus becomes smaller and stains deeply basophilic because of chromatin clumping

Question 30

karyorrhexis

Answer 30

• the pyknotic nucleus breaks up into many smaller fragments

Question 31

karyolysis

Answer 31

• the nucleus may be extruded from the cell or have progressive loss of chromatin staining resulting in the disappearance of the nucleus

Question 32

coagulative necrosis

Answer 32

• nuclei disappear (karyolysis)
• cytoplasm becomes more homogenous and acidophilic
• results in residual ghosts of cells with no nuclei

Question 33

gross features of myocardial infarction

Answer 33

• localized discoloration of the myocardial tissue caused by ischemic necrosis

Question 34

histologic features of myocardial infarction

Answer 34

• localized discoloration on the myocardial tissue with loss of myocardial cell nuclei (karyolysis)

Question 35

liquefactive necrosis

Answer 35

• rapid dissolution of cells that liquefies the necrotic tissue

Question 36

liquefactive necrosis cause

Answer 36

• more often caused by intense localized infiltration of neutrophilic polymorphonuclear leukocytes (neutrophils) at sites of severe acute inflammation

Question 37

abscess

Answer 37

• localized inflammation with liquefactive necrosis

Question 38

caseous necrosis

Answer 38

• necrosis caused by tuberculosis with a marginal zone of aggregated macrophages and a central zone of necrosis containing amorphous debris derived from necrotic host cells and necrotic mycobacterial cells

Question 39

granulomas

Answer 39

• nodular gross lesions

Question 40

granulomatous inflammation

Answer 40

• the dense infiltration of macrophages

Question 41

fat necrosis

Answer 41

• affects adipose tissue
• most commonly results from pancreatitis or trauma
• release of lipase that free up fatty acids that bind calcium to form calcium soaps via saponification