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SF3-EXAM 4 (CAMELITA) > Principles of Endocrinology > Flashcards

Principles of Endocrinology Flashcards

1
Q

Why are petide hormones injected?

A

Digested if ingested

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2
Q

Which hormone type is being described below?

  • Synthesized as prehormones
  • Stored in membrane-bound secretory vescicles
  • Regulated at the level of secretion and synthesis
  • Often circulate in blood unbound
  • Usually administered by injection
  • Signal through transmembrane receptors
A

Peptide

NOTE: Stimulus for their release probably comes from another hormone/ substrate/ mineral and they are released by exoxcytosis because they are in vesicles.

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3
Q

Which hormones use the cAMP secondary messanger?

A
  • Epinephrine and norepinephrine
  • Glucagon
  • Luteinizing hormone
  • Follicle stimulating hormone
  • Thyroid-stimulating hormone
  • Calcitonin
  • Parathyroid hormone
  • Antidiuretic hormone
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4
Q

Which hormones use the protein kinase secondary messanger?

A
  • Insulin,
  • Growth hormone
  • Prolactin
  • Oxytocin
  • Erythropoietin
  • Several growth factors

NOTE: GH and prolactin don’t use an auto tyrosine kinase method. They must be activated

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5
Q

Which hormones use calcium and/or phosphoinositides as a second messenger?

A
  • Epinephrine and norepinephrine
  • Angiotensin II
  • Antidiuretic hormone
  • Gonadotropin-releasing hormone
  • Thyroid-releasing hormone.
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6
Q

Which hormones use the cGMP second messenger?

A
  • Atrial naturetic hormone
  • Nitric oxide
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7
Q

List steroid hormones and the site of synthesis.

A
  • Cortisol
    • Adrenal cortex
  • Aldosterone
    • Adrenal cortex
  • Androgens
    • Adrenal cortex
  • Testosterone
    • Testes
  • Estrogens, Progesterone
    • Ovaries
    • Corpus Luteum
    • Placenta
  • 1,25-Dihydroxycholecalciferol
    • ​Kidneys
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8
Q

Precursor for steroid hormones

A

Cholesterol

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9
Q

Process by which progesterone and cortisol are synthesized

A
  1. LDL is endocytosed into the cytoplasm as a cholesterol ester
  2. Cholesterol esters then join with acetyl CoA to form cholesterol
  3. Cholesterol enters the mitochondria
  4. Cholesterol is converted to pregnenolone via the side chain cleavage enzyme

5.Pregnenolone then enters the SER where it is converted to progesterone

  1. Progeseterone is then convereted to 17-OH- Progesterone
  2. 17-OH-Progesterone is then converted to 11- Deoxycortisol
  3. 11-Deoxycortisol is converted to cortisol
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10
Q

Which hormone type is being described below?

  • Derived from enzymatic modification of cholesterol
  • Cannot be stored in secretory vesicles becuase of lipophilic nature
  • Regulated at the level of the enzymatic pathway required for their synthesis
  • Transported in the blood bound to transport proteins
  • Signal through intracellular receptors
  • Can be administered orally
A

Steroid

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11
Q

Steroid hormones have sections of DNA called ______________.

A

Hormone response elements

NOTE: When they bind to regions of DNA they will stimulate or repress transcription of a particular gene

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12
Q

List amine hormones and their site of synthesis.

A
  • Dopamine
    • ​Hypothalamus
  • T3, T4
    • ​Thyroid
  • NE, EPI
    • ​Adrenal medulla
  • Melatonin
    • ​Pineal gland

NOTE: All of the above are made from tyrosine, with the exception of melatonin, which is made from tryptophan

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13
Q

Mechanism of synthesis of norepinephine/epinephrine.

A
  1. Tyrosine is converted to L-Dopa via tyrosine hydroxylase

2. L-Dopa is convered to dopamine bia dopa decarboxylase

3. Dopamine is converted to norepinephrine via dopamine B- hydroxylase

4. Norepinephrine is converted to epinephrine via phenylethanolamine N- methyltransferase

NOTE: Norepinephrine is primarily found in nerve terminals of sympathetic system. Epinephrine is primary found in the adrenal medulla

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14
Q

Which hormone stimulates phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase?

A
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15
Q

Which hormone type is being described below?

  • Derived from the iodination of thyronines
  • Lipophilic, but stored in thyroid follicle by covalent attachment to thyroglobulin
  • Regulated at the level of synthesis, iodination, and secretion
  • Transported in blood tightly bound to proteins
  • Signal through intracellular receptors
  • Can be administered orally
A

Thyroid hormones

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16
Q

Which hormone type is being described below?

  • Derived from enzymatic modification of tyrosine
  • Stored in membrane-bound secretory vesicles
  • Regulated at the levl of secretion and through the regulation of the enzymatic pathway required for their synthesis
  • Transported in blood free or only loosely associated with proteins
  • ​Hydrophilic and signal through transmembrane G-protein-coupled receptors called adrenergic receptors.
A

Catecholamines

17
Q

IGF1 is made by the liver, under the control of _______.

A

Growth hormone

NOTE: This the only growth factor that is considered a hormone.

18
Q

_______________ opposes the proliferative effects of estradiol on the endometrium and down-regulates the estrogen receptor.

A

Progesterone

19
Q

How do hormones upregulate hormone receptors?

A
  • Hormones increase the number or affinity of its receptors by increasing the synthesis of new receptors, decreasing degradation of its receptors, or activating receptors
20
Q

What are the stimulators and inhibitors of prolactin?

A
  • Stimulators
    • ​TRH
    • TSH
    • Estrogen
  • Inhibitors
    • ​Dopamine
    • TH

NOTE: Dopamine inhibits cAMP

21
Q

Which hormones are transported by corticosteroid binding globulin (CBG, transcortin)?

A

Cortisol, aldosterone

22
Q

Which hormones are transported by thyroxine binding globulin (TBG)?

A

Thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine

23
Q

Which hormones are transported by sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG)?

A

Testosterone, estrogen

24
Q

Which hormones are transported by albumin?

A

Most steroids, thyroxine, T3

25
Q

Which hormones are transported by transthyretin (prealbumin)?

A

Thyroxine, some steroids

26
Q

Neurons of which nucleus are responsible for circadian rhythm?

A

Suprachiasmatic nucleus

NOTE: Neurons of the suprachiasmatic nucleus impose a daily rhythm, called circadian rhythm, on the secretion of hypothalamic releasing hormones and the endocrine axes that they control as well as on other body functions.

27
Q

Which hormonal axes are affected by aging?

A
  • Hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis in women
  • GH-IGF system
  • The male hypothalamic-pituatary gonadal axis
  • Zona reticularis of adrenal cortex
28
Q

What happens to LH, FSH, estrogen, and pregnanediol glucuronide (PDG) respectively as we age?

A
  • LH doesn’t change much
  • FSH and estrogen levels increase
  • Pregnanediol glucuronide (PDG) levels are decreased
29
Q

Which hormones decrease with aging?

A
  • Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA)
  • Pregnenolone
  • GH and IGF-1
  • Melatonin
30
Q

Which hormones increase with aging?

A
  • FSH and Sex Steroid Binding Globulin (Men)
  • Gonadotropins (women)
  • PTH
  • Norepinephrine
  • Vasopressin
  • Atrial Natriuretic Peptide
31
Q

What do amino assays measure?

A
  • Antibody is being used to determine concentration
    • Only measuring immunoactivity

NOTE: Amino assays are not measuring biological activity

32
Q

_____________ testing is done when hypofunction is suspected and is designed to assess the reserve capacity for synthesis and secretion of the hormone under study.

A

Stimulation

33
Q

_________ testing is done when hyperfunction is suspected and is designed to determine whether the negative feedback control is intact. It is primarily used to determine hyperfunction from endocrine tumors.

A

Suppression

34
Q

MEN 1 is an ___________ (autosomal recessive/autosomal dominant) disorder characterized by the occurrence of multiple tumors, particularly in the pancreatic islets, parathyroid and pituitary glands, and neuroendocrine tumors.

A

Autosomal dominant

35
Q

What comorbidities are present in polyglandular autoimmune syndrome Type II?

A
  • Addison disease
  • Thyroid autoimmune diseases
  • Type 1 diabetes mellitus
36
Q

What comorbidities are present in polyglandular autoimmune syndrome Type I?

A
  • Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis
  • Hypoparathyroidism
  • Autoimmune adrenal insufficiency

SF3-EXAM 4 (CAMELITA) (23 decks)

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