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SF3-EXAM 4 (CAMELITA) > Histology of Female Reproductive System > Flashcards

Histology of Female Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

Female external genitalia

A

–labia majora

–labia minora

–clitoris

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2
Q

Internal female genitalia

A

Ovaries

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3
Q

Label

A
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4
Q

Label

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5
Q

Components of premordial foliicles

A
  • An oocyte surrounded by a single layer of follicular cells

NOTE: Every 28 days the pituitary hormones FSH and LH stimulate the growth of many follicles and maturation of one oocyte within the follicle called the ovarian cycle

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6
Q

Germinal epithelium of Waldeyer

A

The ovarian surface epithelium, which is a layer of simple squamous-to-cuboidal epithelial cells covering the ovary.

NOTE: The germinal epithelium does NOT give rise to primary follicles

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7
Q

Primordial ovarian follicle

A

Oocyte-stromal cell constract that is halted at the first meiotic prophase

NOTE: A few primordial follicles are selected to mature into larger, primary follicles

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8
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Label

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9
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Label

A
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10
Q

Secondary follicles are larger and possess a fluid-filled cavity called an ______.

A

Antrum

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11
Q

Label

A
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12
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Label

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13
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Label

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14
Q

Label

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15
Q

What is the function of the theca interna?

A

Secretes adrogens which are converted by the granulosa layer into estogens.

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16
Q

Label

A
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17
Q

The inner most layer of the cumulus oophorus is the ___________.

A

Corona radiata

NOTE: The cumulus oophorous is a cluster of cells that surround the oocyte both in the ovarian follicle and after ovulation. This layer of cells must be penetrated by spermatozoa in order for fertilization to occur

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18
Q

What is the main purpose of the corona radiata?

A

Supply vital proteins to the cell

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19
Q

Label

A
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20
Q

Follicular fluid is rich in ___________.

A

Hyaluronic acid

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21
Q

Some LH-RH containing neurons possess an a-type estrogen receptor that _________ (suppresses/stimulates) their function. Some LH-RH containing neurons possess an b-type estrogen receptor that __________ (suppresses/stimulates) their function

A

Suppresses; stimulates

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22
Q

Connections between granulosa cells weaken under the influence of ____________, which causes the follicle to rupture.

A

plasminogen activator

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23
Q

The first meiotic division is completed at ovulation with formation of the first polar body. The oocyte is then called a ____________.

A

secondary oocyte

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24
Q

Prior to ovulation, oocytes are arrested at prophase of meoisis I, why?

A

Due to inhibitory influences of the granulosa cells

NOTE: Activation of an oocyte receptor called GPR3 by an unknown signal increases oocyte cAMP and causes suppression of meiosis

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25
Q

Metaphase of Meiosis I

A
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26
Q

Ovulatory surges in ______ and _____ change the signaling between the oocyte and the granulosa cell.

A

LH; FSH

NOTE:

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27
Q

How are polar bodies formed?

A

Results from an Unequal Division of the Oocyte Cytoplasm

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28
Q

What are the components of the zona pellucida?

A

3 proteins (ZP1, ZP2, ZP3) produced by the oocyte

NOTE: The zona pellucida forms a barrier aroung the oocyte. It is penetrated by thin processes of granulosa cells.

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29
Q

_________ release enzymes that alter the zona pellucida, causing it to become impermeable to other sperm.

A

Cortical granules

NOTE: Fertilization triggers the migration of cortical granules towards the oocyte plasma membrane. Fertilization also stimulates the onset of meiosis II

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30
Q

Estrogen and progesterone from the ovary target the ___________ of the uterus.

A

Endometrium

NOTE: This causes it to grow and secrete uterine milk into the uterine lumen.

31
Q

What are the phases of the ovarian cycle?

A
  • Follicular phase (days 1-14)
  • Ovulation (day 14)
  • Luteal phase (days 14-28)
32
Q

What are the major events of the follicular phase?

A
  • GnRH from hypothalamus stimulates FSH and LH secretion
    • FSH stimulates the mitosis of the follicular cells of a primordial follicle developing into a primary follicle
    • LH stimulates estrogen secretion from follicular cells
  • Follicular cells secrete the zona pellucida
  • Continues to grow into a secondary follicle
    • ​Develops a fluid-filled antrum
    • Estrogen levels continue to rise
  • Continues growth into a Graafian follicle

NOTE: During the follicular phase, estrogen-LH operate with negative feedback. This occurs when estrogen levels are low. At the end of the follicular phase, the estrogen-LH relationship becomes one of positive feedback.

33
Q

What are the major events of ovulation?

A

*

34
Q

What major events ccur during the luteal phase?

A
  • LH surge:
    • Transforms a ruptured follicle into a corpus luteum
    • Stimulates the secretion of estrogen and progesterone from the corpus luteum
    • LH level decreases with time from LH surge
35
Q

Which hormone prepares the uterus for pregnancy?

A

Progesterone

36
Q

What occurs in the granulosa and theca cells during the luteal phase?

A
  • Granulosa cells increase in size
  • Theca interna cells are transformed into theca letein cells

*Both cells secrete estrogen and progesterone

37
Q

Label

A
38
Q

Mature corpus luteum

A
39
Q

Label

A
40
Q

Label

A
41
Q

Label

A
42
Q

Label

A
43
Q

__________ form strands that penetrate into the masses of granulosa lutein cells.

A

Theca lutein cells

44
Q

Granulosa lutein cells stain positively for a peptide hormone called _________.

A

Relaxin

NOTE: In preparation for childbirth, it relaxes the ligaments in the pelvis and softens and widens the cervix. It may cause

45
Q

After 12 days, a corpus luteum regresses, stops secreting hormones, and becomes a _________.

A

Corpus albicans

NOTE: This occurs if fertilization does NOT occur. This causes a reduction in estrogen and progesterone, causing the secretion of GnRH, FSH, and LH allowing the cycle to begin again.

46
Q

If fertilazation does occur, the fertilized egg secretes a hormone called ___________.

A

Human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)

NOTE: This hormone stimulates the anterior pituatary gland for continued secretion of LH, which prevents the degeneration of the corpus luteum.

47
Q

Follicular atresia occurs due to ________.

A

Apoptosis of granulosa cells and their engulfment by macrophages

NOTE: In a completely atretic follicle, only the zona pellucida remains

48
Q

What type of epithelium cover the uterine (fallopian) tube?

A

Ciliated columnar epithelium

49
Q

Function of fallopian tubes

A

Create a flow of peritoneal fluid into the uterine tubes to “pull” the ovulated ovum into the uterine tune and move it toward the uterus

NOTE: The fertilazation of an ovum by a sperm occurs within the distal 1/4 of the tube (closest to the ovary)

50
Q

Four portions of the oviduct

A
51
Q

What are the 3 anatomical regions of the uterus?

A
  • Cervix
    • ​Connects to the vagina inferiorly
  • Body​
  • Fundus
    • ​Connects to the 2 fallopian tubes
52
Q

Label

A
53
Q

What are the phases of the mentrual cycle?

A
  • Menstrual phase- Days 1-5
  • Proliferative phase- Days 6-14
  • Secretory phase- Days 14-28
54
Q

What are the major events of the menstrual phase?

A
  • Menstrual bleeding causes the endometrium to shed
    • Caused by the decrease in estrogen levels from the degeneration of the corpus luteum during the previous cycle
55
Q

What are the major events of the proliferative phase?

A
  • An increase in estrogen levels during the follicular phase stimulates endomentrium gorth
  • Increase in vascular supply and develops exocrine secreting uterine glands
56
Q

What are the major events of the secretory phase?

A
  • Uterine glands secrete uterine milk into the uterus
    • Stimulated by an increase in progesterone levels during the luteal phase
57
Q

What are the three layers of the uterine wall?

A
  • Endometrium
    • ​Superficial simple columnar epithelim
    • Deep loose connective tissue containing blood vessels and uterine glands
      • For nourishment
  • Myometrium
    • ​Smooth muscle
    • Contracts during labor and childbirth
  • Perimetrium
    • ​Elastic but tough connective tissue
    • Part of the visceral peritoneum
58
Q

What is uterine milk?

A

A white secretion containing proteins and amino acids that nourishes the embryo during development

59
Q

The endometrium of the uterine wall develops into the _______.

A
60
Q

What are the two layers of the endometrium?

A
  • Basal layer
    • Preserved after menstruation
  • Functional layer
    • Lost during menstruation

NOTE: The spiral arteries contract, leading to necrosis of the functional layer

61
Q

Stratum functionalis

A
  • Borders uretine lumen
  • Contains uterine glands
  • Sloughed off during menstration
62
Q

The uterine cycle

A
63
Q

Uterine endometrium during the follicular phase

A
64
Q

Uterine endometrium during the luteal phase

A
65
Q

What are the ultrastructural feautures of the endometrium?

A
  • Nucleolar channel system
    • Membranes derived from rER that form tubules within the nucleus
    • Possible marker for endometrial receptivity for implantation of an embryo
  • Apical blebs filled with glycogen
66
Q

What do endometrial glands secrete?

A
  • Proteases that may aid implantation and which can degrade the zona pellucida
  • Glycogen
  • Oxytocin
67
Q

Which hormone diminishes uterine contractility?

A

Progesterone

68
Q

What kind of epithelium is found in the cervix?

A

Stratified non-keratinizing squamous epithelium

NOTE: The cervix merges at the transformation zone to endocervix

69
Q

The endocervix is lined by ________.

A

Tall mucinous columnar cels

NOTE: The endocervix has underlying endocerval glands, which are also lined by tall mucinous columnar cells

70
Q

What is a necessary first step in carcinogenesis in cervical cancer?

A

Keratinocyte infection with certain strains of HPV

71
Q

Label

A
72
Q

How is cervical cancer treated?

A
  • Hysterectomy
  • Removal of cervix and uterus
73
Q

Endometriosis

A
  • Growth of endometrial tissue outside the uterus
  • Can occur during surgery, through the fallopian tubes, blood, and lymph

SF3-EXAM 4 (CAMELITA) (23 decks)

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