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Chemistry > Principles of Chemistry > Flashcards

Principles of Chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the term for liquid to solid

A

Freezing

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2
Q

What is the term for liquid to gas

A

Evaporation

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3
Q

What is the term for gas to liquid

A

Condensation

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4
Q

What is the term for solid to liquid

A

Melting

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5
Q

What is the term for Gas to Solid

A

Deposition

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6
Q

What is the term for Solid to Gas

A

Sublimation

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7
Q

What is diffusion?

A

net movement of anything generally from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration

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8
Q

What is a solvent?

A

The liquid in which a solute dissolves

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9
Q

What is a solute?

A

The substance which dissolves in a liquid to form a solution

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10
Q

What is a solution?

A

The mixture formed when a solute is dissolved in a solvent

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11
Q

What is a saturated solution?

A

A solution with the maximum concentration of solute dissolved in the solvent

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12
Q

What does soluble mean?

A

Describes a substance that will dissolve

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13
Q

What does insoluble mean?

A

Describes a substance that will not dissolve

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14
Q

What is an element?

A

A substance made of atoms that all contain the same number of protons and cannot be split into anything simpler

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15
Q

What is a compound?

A

A pure substance made up of two or more elements chemically combined

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16
Q

What is a mixture?

A

A combination of two or more substances (elements and/or compounds) that are not chemically combined

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17
Q

How can mixtures be separated?

A

By physical methods such as filtration or evaporation

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18
Q

How does Distillation work?

A

Solution is heated, water evaporates into pure vapour, vapour goes through condenser, turns into pure liquid water.

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19
Q

When is Distillation used

A

A solution of a liquid and soluble solid

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20
Q

How does Fractional distillation work?

A

Solution heated to substance with lower boiling point, substance turns into vapour, goes through condenser, turns into pure liquid.

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21
Q

When is Fractional Distillation used?

A

A solution of two or more liquids

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22
Q

How does Filtration work?

A

Filter paper placed in filter funnel on a beaker, mixture is poured in filter funnel, filter paper will allow liquid particles to pass through, solid is left as residue

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23
Q

When is Filtration used?

A

Solution on undissolved solid and liquid

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24
Q

How does Crystallisation work?

A

Solution is heated, solvent evaporates leaving saturated solution, saturated solution is allowed to cool, crystals form, crystals are collected by filtration.

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25
Q

When is Crystallisation used?

A

Dissolved solid and liquid

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26
Q

In chromatography, what is the equation used to find the Rf

A

distance traveled by the compound divided by the distance traveled by the solvent front

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27
Q

What is an atom?

A

The smallest particle of an element that contains electrons surrounding a nucleus that contains protons and neutrons

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28
Q

What is a molecule?

A

A group of two or more atoms chemically combined to form an identifiable unit which retains the properties and composition of the substance

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29
Q

What is the relative mass of a proton?

A

1

30
Q

What is the relative mass of a neutron?

A

1

31
Q

What is the relative mass of an electron?

A

1/1840

32
Q

What is the charge of a proton?

A

+1

33
Q

What is the charge of a neutron?

A

neutral

34
Q

What is the charge of an electron?

A

-1

35
Q

What is an isotope?

A

Atoms of the same element which have the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons

36
Q

What is the equation for Relative Atomic Mass (Ar)?

A

(% of Isotope A x mass of Isotope A) + (% of Isotope B x mass of Isotope B)/ 100

37
Q

Characteristics of Metals

A

Usually lustrous (shiny), Solid at room temperature (excluding mercury), Malleable, can be bent and shaped, High melting and boiling point

38
Q

Characteristics of Non-metals

A

Dull, non-reflective, Different states at room temperature, Flaky, brittle, Low melting and boiling points

39
Q

What is the value of Avogadro’s constant?

A

6.02 x 10^23 per mole

40
Q

How to calculate mass given moles and Mr?

A

Moles x Mr

41
Q

What is the formula for percentage yield?

A

(actual yield/theoretical yield) x100

42
Q
A

Write the element

Write the value given for each element. This may be given as a mass, in g, or as a percentage

Write the relative atomic mass of each element

Calculate the moles of each element

Moles = Mass/Ar

Calculate the ratio of elements

Divide all the moles by the smallest number of moles

If you get a ratio that does not have whole numbers, you multiply by an appropriate number to make all the values into whole numbers

43
Q

How to calculate concentration?

A

Moles/volume in dm^3

44
Q

How to go from cm^3 to dm^3

A

divide by 1000

45
Q

How to calculate volume?

A

Moles x 24 (dm^3 mol^-1)

46
Q

What is a negative ion called?

A

Anion

47
Q

What is a positive ion called?

A

Cation

48
Q

What is the Ion for Hydroxide?

A

OH^-

49
Q

What is the Ion for Carbonate?

A

C03^2-

50
Q

What is the ion for Nitrate?

A

N03^-

51
Q

What is the Ion for Sulphate?

A

S04^2-

52
Q

When does ionic bonding occur

A

Between Metals and and Non-metals

53
Q

What diagram is used for Ionic Bonding?

A

Dot and Cross, two separate elements with brackets and charge

54
Q

What is the conductivity of ionic compounds

A

Poor in solid form, good in molten or in solution

55
Q

When is Covalent bond used

A

Between two-non-metals

56
Q

What diagram is used for Covalent Bonding?

A

Dot and Cross, Two elements interchanged with shared electrons in same loop

57
Q

What bonds do simple molecular structures have?

A

Covalent

58
Q

What are the characteristics of simple molecular structures?

A

Low melting and boiling points due to weak intermolecular forces of attraction, poor conductors of electricity,

59
Q

What are Giant Covalent structures?

A

Solids with high melting points

60
Q

Why do Covalent Structures have high melting points?

A

They have strong covalent bonds which require lots of energy to overcome

61
Q

Why can graphite conduct electricity?

A

Has layers, due to carbon atom only forming three bonds, one electron from each carbon is delocalised

62
Q

When is Metallic bonding used?

A

Between 2 metals

63
Q

Where do electrons move during electrolysis?

A

From anode to cathode

64
Q

Where do cations go during electrolysis

A

To the cathode because the cathode is negatively charged due to the electrons

65
Q

Where do the anions go during electrolysis

A

To the Anode because the anode is positively charged

66
Q

What happens at anode during electrolysis in aqueous solution?

A

If Halide ions present (I,Br,Cl) then halogen forms, if not, Oh^- goes to anode and forms oxygen

67
Q

What happens at cathode during electrolysis in aqueous solution?

A

if metal ions are less reactive then hydrogen, then metal is formed

68
Q

Half equation at Cathode

A

ion + electron(s) -> element
Reduction (gain of electrons)

69
Q

Half equation at Anode

A

ion -> element + electron(s)
Oxidation (loss of electrons)

70
Q

What do most covalent compounds act as?

A

Insulators

Chemistry (17 decks)

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