Principles: Bones and Fractures

Question 1

what is endochrondral ossification?

Answer 1

process in which an initial small, hyaline cartilage version grows and turns into bone

Question 2

describe the outer cortex of a bone?

Answer 2

dense, strong, heavy and compact

Question 3

describe the inner medulla of a bone?

Answer 3

spongy, more porous, weaker and lighter

Question 4

what does the periosteum contain?

Answer 4

fibrous connective tissue and vascularised

Question 5

name 2 features of the neck of the femur which contributes to an increased incidence of fractures?

Answer 5

less compact bone

thin/angled structured

Question 6

process of fracture healing?

Answer 6

1. initial healing - callus of new bone surrounding fracture line
2. callus remodelling (re-suming normal shape)
3. healed left clavicle (more or less normal shape)

Question 7

name the 3 fossae of the floor of the cranial cavity?

Answer 7

anterior cranial fossa
middle cranial fossa
posterior cranial fossa

Question 8

what is a foramina?

Answer 8

a ‘hole’ for cranial nerves and the brains blood vessels to pass into/out of the cranial cavity

Question 9

how many cervical vertebra?

Answer 9

7

Question 10

how many thoracic vertebra?

Answer 10

12

Question 11

how many lumbar vertebra?

Answer 11

5

Question 12

how many sacral vertebra?

Answer 12

5 - fused to form 1

Question 13

how many coccygeal vertebra?

Answer 13

4 - fused to form 1

Question 14

what is the spinous process?

Answer 14

ligament and muscle attachment

Question 15

what is the transverse process?

Answer 15

ligament, muscle and rib articulations

Question 16

what is the vertebral foramen?

Answer 16

transmits and protects the spinal chord

Question 17

what does not have a body or a spinous process?

Answer 17

C1 = atlas

Question 18

what has an odontoid process?

Answer 18

C2 = Axis

Question 19

what has vertebrae prominent

Answer 19

C7

Question 20

what is the pectoral girdle?

Answer 20

2 scapulae and 2 clavicles

Question 21

what is the pelvic girdle?

Answer 21

2 hip bones and the sacrum