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DPT Spring 2024 > Principles and Application of Therapeutic Modalities > Flashcards

Principles and Application of Therapeutic Modalities Flashcards

1
Q

__________ _______ (________)- are energy and materal applied to patients to help assist in their rehabilitation

A

physical agents (modalities)

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2
Q

Name different types of physical agents

A

Heat
Cold
Water
Pressure
Sound
Electromagnetic radiation
Electrical currents

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3
Q

Physical agents are primarily used to???

Reduces tissue ________

Accelerates _________ healing

_________ management

_________ extensibility

_______ ________ spasticity

A

inflammation

tissue

pain

collagen

muscle tone

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4
Q

Modalities are used as a “______” in a _______ intervention

A

tool; clinical

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5
Q

Physical agents should be used in conjunction with other skilled ______ or educational interventions, not just as the ______ _______

A

therapeutic; sole intervention

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6
Q

Insurance requires two things, what are they?

A
  1. medical neccesity
  2. skilled intervention
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7
Q

In medical documentation, it is our job to ______ why we chose a specific treatment

A

justify

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8
Q

Ultrasound can be both _______ and _______ physical agents

A

thermal; mechanical

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9
Q

________ agents transfer energy to a patient to increase or decrease tissue temperature

A

thermal

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10
Q

What type of agents are these an example of…?

Ice packs, hot packs, ultrasound, whirlpool, and diathermy

A

Thermal

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11
Q

_________ is the therapeutic application of cold (ice packs)

A

Cryotherapy

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12
Q

__________ is the therapeutic application of heat

A

Thermotherapy

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13
Q

________ has both thermal and nonthermal effects

A

Ultrasound

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14
Q

__________ is defined as sound with a frequency greater than 20,000 cycles/second—too high to be heard by humans.

A

Ultrasound

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15
Q

___________ is a mechanical form of energy composed of alternating compression and rarefaction waves

A

Ultrasound

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16
Q

______ agents apply force to increase or decrease pressure on the body

A

Mechanical

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17
Q

What type of agents are these an example of…?

water, traction, compression, and sound

A

Mechanical

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18
Q

________ (water)- can provide resistance, hydrostatic pressure, and buoyancy for exercise or can apply pressure to clean wounds.

A

hydrotherapy

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19
Q

_________ decreases the pressure between structures

A. Compression
B. Distraction
C. Inflammation

A

B.

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20
Q

________ increases the pressure on and between structures

A

Compression

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21
Q

______ agents apply energy in the form of electromagnetic radiation or an electrical current

A

Electromagnetic

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22
Q

With electromagnetic or electrical therapeutic agents:

The variation of the ________ and intensity of electromagnetic ________ changes its effects and depth of ________

A

frequency

radiation

penetration

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23
Q

What type of agents are these an example of…?

UV radiation, infrared (IR) radiation, laser, diathermy, and electrical current

A

Electromagnetic or Electrical Therapeutic

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24
Q

With electromagnetic or electrical therapeutic agents:

_______- output monochromatic, coherent, directional electromagnetic radiation that is generally in the frequency range of visible light or IR radiation

A

Lasers

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25
Q

With electromagnetic or electrical therapeutic agents:

________ _________- produces heat in both superficial and deep tissues

A

Shortwave diathermy

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26
Q

With electromagnetic or electrical therapeutic agents:

_____________ is the use of electrical currents to induce muscle contractions, changes in sensation, and reduce edema, or accelerate tissue healing

A

Electrical Stimulation (EStim)

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27
Q

Which domain of the ICF model do modalities directly effect?

A

Body functions and structure

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28
Q

What are the steps to consider use of therapeutic modality?

  1. ______ and ______ of treatment
  2. ________ and precautions
  3. _______ for physical agent use
  4. ______, ________, and availability
A

goals; effects

contraindications

evidence

cost, convenience

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29
Q

What could some considerations be for choosing the appropiate modality?

A

Medical dx
Patient hx
subjective complaints
exam findings
pt. goals
previous interventions
Pt. reference anad cultural considerations

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30
Q

Contraindications are __________

a. relative
b. absolute

A

B.

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31
Q

Precautions are _______ contraindications

a. absolute
b. relative

A

B.

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32
Q

What are some contraindications and precautions for modalities?

A

Pregnancy

Malignancy

Pacemaker

Impaired Sensation

Impaired Mentation

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33
Q

________ _______ ________ are systematically developed statements that attempt to interpret current research to provide evidence-based guidelines to guide practitioner and patient decisions about appropriate health care for specific clinical circumstances

A

Clinical Practice Guidelines

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34
Q

______ _______ ______ give recommendations for diagnostic and prognostic measures and for preventive or therapeutic interventions for diagnosis

A

Clinical Practice Guidelines

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35
Q

The goal for healing is to ________ and ______ function by eliminating pathology and replacing damaged tissue by promoting _______ of normal tissue

A

repair; restore

regeneration

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36
Q

Tissue healing phases:

The __________ phase is 1-6 days post injury

A

inflammation

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37
Q

Tissue healing phases:

The _______/_______ phase is 3-20 days post injury

A

Proliferative/Fibroblastic

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38
Q

Tissue healing phases:

The _______/________ phase is 9 days on

A

Maturation/Remodeling

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39
Q

With the tissue healing phases:

___________ is the immediate protective response that attempts to destroy, dilute or isolate the cells or agents that may be faulty

A

Inflammation

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40
Q

Name some causes for inflammation

A

Soft tissue trauma
Fractures
Foreign bodies
Autoimmune diseases
Microbial agents
Chemical agents
Thermal agents
Irradiation

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41
Q

4 cardinal signs of inflammation

  1. Calor- ______
  2. Rubor- ______
  3. Tumor- ______
  4. Dolor- ______
A

Heat
Redness
Swelling
Pain

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42
Q

What is the 5th characteristic of inflammation?

A

Loss of function

43
Q

Cardinal signs of inflammation

  1. _______: increased vascularity
  2. _______: inceased vascularity
  3. _______: blockage of lymphatic drainage
  4. _______: physical pressure or chemical irritation of pain-sensitive structures
  5. ______ _____ ______: pain and swelling
A

Heat

Redness

Swelling

Pain

Loss of Function

44
Q

3 purposes of the inflammatory phase

  1. To form a ________ lattice that _______ blood loss and provides some initial ______ to wound
  2. Remove _______ tissue
  3. Recruit _______ cells and ________
A

fibrin; limits; strength

damaged

endothelial; fribroblasts

45
Q

What are the phases?

A

Vasoconstriction

Vasodilation

Clot formation

Phagocytosis

46
Q

With purpose 1 of the inflammatory phase,

________ -increases blood flow to the area (vasodilation)

A

hyperemia

47
Q

Hyperemia is responsible for increased ________ and _______ (acute inflammatory phase)

A

temperature and redness

48
Q

Histamines cause _________ and increase vascular permeability (= fluid accumulation outside the vessels)

A

vasodilation

49
Q

Histamines are responsible for ________ (swelling in the acute inflammatory phase)

A. edema
B. healing

A

A. edema

50
Q

____________ is the migration of other cells to the area through the process chemical attraction/ recruitment

A

Chemotaxis

51
Q

Other cells such as histamines attract _________….which are?

A. macrophages; WBC
B. leukocytes; RBC
C. leukocytes; WBC

A

C.

52
Q

Cells involved in the removal of damaged tissue is known as?

A

phagocytosis

53
Q

With purpose 2 of the inflammation phase, ________ are the first on the scene

A

neutrophils

54
Q

With purpose 2 of the inflammation phase, _________ clear the inside of debris and microorganisms

A

neutrophils

55
Q

With purpose 2 of the inflammation phase, ________ are attracted through chemotaxis

A

leukocytes

56
Q

With purpose 2 of the inflammation phase, ________ clear the injured site of debris and microorganisms to set the stage for tissue repair

A

leukocytes

57
Q

With purpose 2 of the inflammation phase, Specific leukocytes, ___________ convert into __________ as they exit from the capillaries into the tissue spaces

A. neutrophils; macrophages
B. macrophages; monocytes
C. monocytes; macrophages

A

C. monocytes; macrophages

58
Q

With purpose 2 of the inflammation phase, macrophages are involved in a wide range of activities including ________ and synthesis of _________ _________

A

phagocytosis; extracellular matrix

59
Q

With purpose 3 of the inflammation phase, _________ cause fibroblasts to adhere to fibrin and make ________

A. macrophages; collagen
B. monocytes; cartilage

A

A.

60
Q

What are the general goals for the PT during the inflammatory phase?

A

decrease pain
decrease swelling
improve PROM/AROM

61
Q

With general goals for the PT during the inflammatory phase, initial ______ and _______ are required for rehabilitation

A

swelling; time

62
Q

Swelling reduces the ability for _______

A

ROM

63
Q

What modalities are recommended during the inflammatory phase?

A

Cryotherapy (ice) and Compression (ex. GameReady)

aka P.R.I.C.E

64
Q

With the tissue healing phases:

The __________ phase’s purpose is to cover the wound and impart strength to the injury site

A

proliferative

65
Q

With the proliferative phase, the shift from acute _________ cells infiltration and replacement by longer term _______ correlates to the transition between inflammation to proliferation

A. neutrophil; macrophages
B. inflammation; monocytes
C. monocyte; leukocytes

A

A.

66
Q

The 4 processes of the proliferative phase

  1. __________ - provides protective barrier to prevent loss of fluid or risk of infection
  2. __________ production
  3. ________ contraction
  4. _________- development of blood supply to the injured area
A

Epithelization

Collagen

Wound

Neurovascularization

67
Q

What are the general goals for the PT during the proliferative phase?

Improve ________ function

Decrease ________

Increase _________ mildly to the area

Protect _______- assist with closure

Avoid ________

A

ROM

Pain

Circulation

wound

contractures

68
Q

The ultimate goal of the maturation phase is ________ of the injured tissue?

A

restoration of the prior function

69
Q

With the maturation phase, the ultimate goal of the PT is what?

A

returning the client/patient to activity

70
Q

Out of all the tissue healing stages, which one is the longest and how long can it last?

A

maturation; can last over a year

71
Q

The _________ phase is characterized by the changes in the size, form, and strength of the scar tissue

A

maturation

72
Q

_______ orientation and ______ synthesis are involved with changes in size, form, and strength of scar tissue in the maturation phase

A

fiber; collagen

73
Q

The 3 levels of the maturation phase?

A

Collagen synthesis/ lysis basis

Collagen fiber orientation

Healed injury

74
Q

The normal acute inflammation process lasts no longer than ____ weeks

A

2

75
Q

Subacute inflammation is ____ weeks

A

4+

76
Q

Chronic inflammation can last how long?

A

months or years

77
Q

Chronic inflammation continues as part of the ________ phase

A

maturation

78
Q

The two methods of chronic inflammation:

  1. _________ trauma or interference with normal ________
  2. ________ response to foreign material or result of an ________ disease
A

Cummalitive; healing

Immune; autoimmune

79
Q

Chronic inflammation leads to increased ______ _____ and _______ formation

A

scar tissue; adhesion

80
Q

Increased fibroblast proliferation and collagen production causes increased ______ ______ and ______ formation

A

scar tissue; adhesion

81
Q

What kind of factors are these that affect the healing process?

Type, size, location of injury

Infection

Vascular supply

A

Local

82
Q

What kind of factors are these that affect the healing process?

Movement

Application of physical agents

A

External

83
Q

What kind of factors are these that affect the healing process?

Age

Disease

Medications

Nutrition

A

Systemic

84
Q

What kind of excess stress can affect the healing process?

A

mental/emotional

85
Q

With tissue healing of tendons and ligaments:

Inflammatory process should focus on??

A

P.R.I.C.E.

86
Q

With tissue healing of tendons and ligaments:

Proliferation/Remodeling

_________ versus early controlled forces for tendons

_______ fibrils–> _______ alignment–> organized

A

Immobilization

collagen; random

87
Q

With tissue healing of tendons and ligaments:

Maturation Process:

Physiological loading imporant for promoting __________

A

realignment

88
Q

With tissue healing of tendons and ligaments:

Patients typically recover ______ and have ______ ROM after injury or surgical repair

A

fully; normal

89
Q

With tissue healing of tendons and ligaments, how long does it take normal strength of human tissue to to recover?

A

40-50 wks post-op

90
Q

With tissue healing involving cartilage, it is _______ , avascular and has a ________ ability to heal

A

aneural; limited

91
Q

With tissue involving cartilage, adolescents have some ________ to heal

A

capacity

92
Q

With tissue involving cartilage, healing occurs by the development of fibrous _____ _______

A

scar tissue

93
Q

Cartilage with a bone injury can form a _________ tissue that acts like ________ cartilage

A

granulation; articular

94
Q

With tissue involving the skeletal muscle, it _____ well

*Restoration and function depend on what?

A

regenerates

type of injury

95
Q

Involving the skeletal muscle:

Contusions, strains follow the ________ stages of healing

A

general

96
Q

Involving the skeletal muscle:

Severe infections involve the _______ ______ being destroyed

A. articular cartilage
B. tendon structures
C. muscle fibers

A

C. muscle fibers

97
Q

Involving the skeletal muscle:

Transection of the muscle fibers may _______

Transection of muscle may experience _____ from undamaged fibers or development of _____ fibers

A. degenerate; ROM; old
B. regenerate; growth; new

A

B.

98
Q

Bone fractures deal with _______ and _______

A

regeneration; remodeling

99
Q

What are the 4 distinct stages of bone fractures?

A
  1. Inflammatory
    2 and 3. Reparative/Proliferative
  2. Bone Remodeling
100
Q

During the four distinct stages of bone fractures, which stage does a soft callus form?

A

2

101
Q

During the four distinct stages of bone fractures, which stage does a hard callus form?

A

3

102
Q

With bone fractures, a _____ ______ begins when pain and swelling subside, increase in vascularity, hematoma becomes organized with fibrous tissue cartilage and bone formation

A

soft callus

103
Q

With bone fractures, a _____ ______ begins when bony fragments are united by fibrous tissue

A

hard callus

DPT Spring 2024 (30 decks)

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