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DPT Spring 2024 > AFAB II- Exam 1 > Flashcards

AFAB II- Exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

3 divisions of a vertebrae:

The ______ ________ is anterior primary, weight-bearing component

A

vertebral body

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2
Q

3 divisions of a vertebrae:

The ________ _______ include the transverse/spinous processes, laminae, and articular processes

A

posterior elements

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3
Q

3 divisions of a vertebrae:

With the _________, the bridge connects to the body-posterior elements; they are also thick and strong

A

pedicles

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4
Q

3 divisions of a vertebrae:

The _________ transfer muscle forces applied to the posterior elements for dispersion across the body/disc

A

pedicles

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5
Q

The spinal curves provide ______ and ________ (spring like)

A

strength; resilience

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6
Q

Spinal curves are vulnerable to what???

A

shear forces at transitions

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7
Q

Spinal curves are involved with :

______ position

____ deposition

_______ strength & endurance

connective tissue __________

_______ supported by the body

_______ of facets, ________ bodies, and ________

A

limb

fat

muscle

extensibility

loads

shape; vertebral; discs

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8
Q

_________ ________ : ant lamina to posterior lamina, end ROM flexion, 80% elastin, posterior to spinal cord

A. Interspinous ligament
B. Ligamentum Flavum
C. ALL

A

B.

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9
Q

_________ ________: between adjacent spinous processes; blends with LF – more elastin; more superficial more collagen and blend with SS lig, fiber direction varies – L/S

A. Supraspinous ligament
B. PLL
C. Interspinous ligament

A

C.

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10
Q

_________ _________: between tips of spinous processes; resist separation – flexion; less developed in L/S

A. Supraspinous ligaments
B. ALL
C. Intertransverse ligaments

A

A.

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11
Q

__________ _____________: are thin, taut in contralateral flexion

A. PLL
B. Supraspinous ligaments
C. Intertransverse ligaments

A

C.

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12
Q

The ________ is long, strong strap, occiput to sacrum, fibers into and reinforce anterior disc

A. PLL
B. ALL

A

B.

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13
Q

Which ligament is on the posterior surfaces of vertebral bodies C2-sacrum (in canal) and blends with and reinforces posterior discs?

A

PLL

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14
Q

Which ligaments cover the entire rim of facets, connect and stabilize, and are reinforced by adjacent muscles (multifidus)?

A

Capsular ligaments

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15
Q

Which ligaments go with each Axis of Motion?

A
  1. ALL
  2. PLL
  3. Ligamentum Flavum
  4. Interspinous Lig.
  5. Supraspinous Lig.
  6. Intertransverse Lig.
  7. Facet (zygoapohysial) joint capsules
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16
Q

Label These

A
  1. Interspinous Lig.
  2. Capsular Lig.
  3. Ligamentum Flavum
  4. ALL
  5. PLL
  6. IAR
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17
Q

______ _______ is a loss of intervertebral stiffness that can lead to abnormal and increased intervertebral motion

A

spinal instability

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18
Q

The ________ ________ is The amount of intervertebral movement that occurs with the least passive resistance from the surrounding tissues (minimal stiffness zone)

A

neutral zone

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19
Q

With the neutral zone, chronic ________ can cause further injury

A

instability

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20
Q

Core stability can also be viewed from a _________ level as well as the whole spine

A

segmental

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21
Q

What happens when the neutral zone is larger than normal?

A

the spinal segments become unstable

*there will be more slide, glide, and rotation between the vertebrae

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22
Q

The neutral zone has been found to increase with ______ and _________ and decrease with ______ ______

A

injury; degeneration

muscle force

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23
Q

With injury (DDD) the _____ ______ pattern changes and influences the motion of the whole spine, potentially causing pain and _________

A

vertebral motion; hypermobility

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24
Q

Which of the 3 subsystems…. consists of the bony structures, ligaments, joint capsules, discs, and passive portion of the musculotendinous units. This system is thought to send feedback to the neural subsystem about joint positions and challenges to stability at the passive level

A

passive system

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25
Q

Which of the 3 subsystems….
is composed of the muscles and tendons and is the subject of the core exercises later

A

active system

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26
Q

Which of the 3 subsystems….
receives and transmits information from and to the other two systems to manage spinal stability. Neuromuscular control can be compromised in patients with LBP and must be considered in a core stabilization program

A

neural subsystem

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27
Q

Lumbopelvic Structure and Design is an example of what type of stability?

A

Passive

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28
Q

Neural Mediation is an example of what type of stability?

A

Neural

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29
Q

Muscular Force Transfer is an example of what type of stability?

A

Active

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30
Q

Marked or chronic instability causes further injury to where?

A

local ligaments
facets
discs

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31
Q

Marked or chronic instability can result in loss of P! free _____

A

ROM

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32
Q

Thoracic vertebrae: 2-9 Have a ________ pointing SP

A

downward

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33
Q

With the thoracic vertebrae 2-9, the sup/inf articular processes are oriented _________ and are aligned close to the ______ plane

A

vertically; frontal

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34
Q

With the thoracic vertebrae 2-9, the superior articular facets face ________

A

posterior

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35
Q

With the thoracic vertebrae 2-9, the inferior articular facets face ________

A

anterior

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36
Q

Thoracic vertebrae: 2-9 have a pair of ______ facets

A

costal

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37
Q

What are the atypical thoracic vertebrae?

A

T1, T10-12

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38
Q

T1 has full ______ attachment and ______

A

costal; demifacets

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39
Q

T10-12 has a full _______ attachment

A

costal

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40
Q

With the thoracic vertebrae:

It is larger; ____ shaped; and contains the _____ facets

A

heart; costal

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41
Q

What shape is the thoracic vertebrae?

A

circular

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42
Q

The TP’s of the thoracic vertebrae are

short or long?

contain articular facets for ____

A

long; ribs

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43
Q

The SP’s of the thoracic vertebrae, are long and point ______

A

inferiorly

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44
Q

The lumbar region has massive wide _____ for support

A

bodies

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45
Q

With the lumbar region, the TP’s project ________

A. medially
B. laterally
C. anterior-lateral

A

B. laterally

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46
Q

With the lumbar region, 1-4 disc are ____ and 5 is _____ and _______

A

thin; strong; thick

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47
Q

With the lumbar region, the _______ processes are off the sup. articular surfaces (posterior side)

A

mamillary

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48
Q

In the lumbar region, the articular facets are oriented ______

A

vertically

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49
Q

The lumbar facets are…

superior or inferior?

convex or concave?

faces medial to medial posterior or lateral to anterior-lateral?

A

superior
concave
medial to medial posterior

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50
Q

The lumbar facets are oriented closest to what plane in the upper L/S?

A

sagittal

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51
Q

The lumbar facets are oriented midway between the ______and ______ plane in the lower L/S

A

sagittal; frontal

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52
Q

In the lumbar region, the inferior articular processes are

convex or concave?

lateral to anterior-lateral or medial to medial-posterior?

A

convex
lateral to anterior-lateral

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53
Q

Diurnal Fluctuations in the discs:

When supine, there is ____ pressure that attracts water and ________ slightly when sleeping

A

low; swells

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54
Q

With durnal fluctuations, ____ forces push water out of the ____

A

WB; disc

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55
Q

With diurnal fluctuations, there is ___% in height change

A

1

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56
Q

With diurnal fluctuations, relating to age: as _________ reduces, water retaining reduces

A

proteoglycans (GAGs)

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57
Q

With diurnal fluctuations:

There is less __________ pressure

and the patient can have a dx of _________ disc

A

hydrostatic

degenerative

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58
Q

With diurnal fluctuations,

______ ________ shows : loss of distinction AF/NP, nuclear bulging, and loss of disc space

A

MR Imaging

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59
Q

What is this called?

A

T1- weight MR image

anterior spondylolisthesis of L5 on S1

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60
Q

With vertebral endplates, they are relatively _____ cartilaginous ______ that cover most of sup/inf surface of vertebral bodies

A

thin; caps

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61
Q

With vertebral endplates, the surface facing disc is _________ that binds directly and strongly to collagen in the ______

A. articular cartilage; NP
B. fibrocartilage; AF
C. tissue; AF

A

B. fibrocartilage; AF

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62
Q

With vertebral endplates, the surface facing bone is _______ __________ and becomes what…?

A

calcified; cartilage

weakly affixated to bone

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63
Q

The outer rings of the AF have ________ supply; there is limited healing at the ______

A

vascular; disc

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64
Q

With vertebral endplates, there is diffusion of _____ and _____

A

O2; glucose

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65
Q

Name These

A
  1. iliolumbar ligament
  2. anterior sacroiliac ligament
  3. sacrospinous ligament
  4. sacrotuberous ligament
  5. anterior longitudinal ligament
  6. iliolumbar ligament (deep part)
  7. interosseus ligament
  8. anterior sacrococcygeal ligament
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66
Q

Know this chart

A
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67
Q

With spine forces, the highest force is what?

A

bending over and picking up a box

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68
Q

With spine forces, the lowest force is what?

A

supine position

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69
Q

Which force applies the most stress on the disc?

A. leaned back
B. straight sitting
C. slumped

A

C.

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70
Q

Which force applies the least stress on the disc?

A. straight sitting
B. leaned back
C. slumped

A

B.

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71
Q

With IVD as a hydrostatic pressure distributor:

80% of load carried on the ________ joint in standing at L/Spine, 20 % _______ elements

A

intervertebral; posterior

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72
Q

With IVD as a hydrostatic pressure distributor:

The disc are designed as _______ _______- can handle the forces of what?

A

shock absorbers; BW & muscle activation

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73
Q

With IVD as a hydrostatic pressure distributor:

_____ _____ _______: biomechanical interaction water-based NP & annular rings

A

Load sharing system

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74
Q

With IVD as a hydrostatic pressure distributor:

________ loads push endplates inward to the _______

A

Compressive, NP

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75
Q

With IVD as a hydrostatic pressure distributor:

The _____ slowly deforms radially vs _____

A

NP; AF

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76
Q

With IVD as a hydrostatic pressure distributor:

Stretched rings of _______ and ________ create tension to resist/balance force, this is uniformly transferred to the _______ ________, then return when the load is _____

A

colagen; elastin

vertebral bodies

off

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77
Q

With IVD as a hydrostatic pressure distributor:

_________ resists a fast/strongly applied load; less resistance to slow or light compression (flexible low loads/rigid at higher loads)

A

viscoelastic

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78
Q

With ____° of thoracolumbar flexion, there is _____° of thoracic flexion and ______° degrees of lumbar flexion

A

85; 35; 50

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79
Q

Flexion or Extension?

A

EXT

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80
Q

Flexion or Extension

A

FLX

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81
Q

With ____° of thoracolumbar EXT, there is _____° of thoracic EXT and ______° degrees of lumbar EXT

A

35; 25; 10

82
Q

Rotation is ____-_____° in the horizontal plane

A

25;35

83
Q

Lateral Flexion to each side is ___-___°

A

25;30

84
Q

Flexion or Extension?

A

FLX

85
Q

FLX or EXT?

A

EXT

86
Q

What motion is occuring?

A

Rotation to the left

87
Q

What motion is occuring?

A

Lateral flexion to the right

88
Q

What motion is occuring?

A

Rotation to the left

89
Q

What motion is occuring?

A

Lateral flexion to the right

90
Q

With increased lumbar spine lordosis, there will be excessive tilt in what direction?

A

anteriorly

91
Q

With increased lumbar spine lordosis, an anterior tilt will cause excess stress on which muscles?

A

hip flexors (contractures) and back extensors

92
Q

The AF has ___-____ concentric rings of ______ fibers and it is ____° from vertical

A

15; 25
collagen
65

93
Q

The AF prevents _______, _______, and ________

A

distraction, shear, and torsion

94
Q

With the AF, due to angulation @ ______% of ______ force to stretch ______ ; in the direction of the force

A

90
torsion
fibers

95
Q

With the AF, it entraps/encases _____-______ nucleus

A

liquid; based

96
Q

With the AF: it is ___-_____% collagen and (____-____%) in nucleus)

A

50;60
15;20

97
Q

With the AF, the elastin is interspersed parallel to the rings of collagen, this is called _______ ________?

A

circumferential elasticity

98
Q

With the AF, the outer layers disc is only ________ nerves, it binds to the _____/______

A

spinal; ALL; PLL

99
Q

With the AF, the outer layer is more ______ and the inner layer is more ______

A

collagen; water

100
Q

Flexion is a reversal of _______

A

lordosis

101
Q

With flexion, the discs move _______

A

anteriorly

102
Q

With extension, the disc move _______

A

posteriorly

103
Q

With flexion, the inferior articular facets slide _____/______

A

superior/anterior

104
Q

With flexion, there is compression on the _______ aspects of disc and bodies

A

anterior

105
Q

With flexion, the ______ and _____ change size

A

foramina and canal

106
Q

With flexion, this stretches the ______ ligaments and causes the _____ to migrate in a posterior direction

A

posterior; NP

107
Q

With extension, the inferior articular facets slide _____/_______

A

inferior; posterior

108
Q

Hyperextension can cause the tips of the inf articular process to contact the ______ _______…this can cause damage and compress the ________ ligaments

A

adjacent lamina

posterior

109
Q

With extension, the size of the intervertebral foramina is ______ and the nucleus presses _______

A

reduced; anterior

110
Q

Full ______ _______ has been shown to reduce pressure within the disc and reduced contact pressure between disc materials and neural tissues… this also known as what?

A

lumbar extension

centralization

111
Q

Axial rotation is ___-___-° each side

A

5;7

112
Q

With rot to the R , the _____ inferior facet _______ and R inf _____/______ from R sup. facet

A

left
approximates
gaps; distracts

113
Q

With axial rotation, there is a bony rotation due to ________ of the facets

A

alignment

114
Q

With LF, one side of the facets slide ______ and the other side ________

A

superiorly; inferiorly

115
Q

Inspiration of the ribs move how??

This creates slight __________ in the T/S

A

upward/outward (bucket handle) or post/sup’

extension

116
Q

Expiration of the ribs moves how??

This creates slight _______ in the T/S

A

down/inward or ant/inf

flexion

117
Q

What is contracting or tight in posterior pelvic tilt?

A

Contraction of the hip extensors/abs

118
Q

Lumbar spine kinematics

3 degrees of freedom:

Flexion: ___-____° ( )
Extension: ___-_____°
Axial Rotation: ___-___°
LF: ____°

A

45; 55
15; 25
5; 7
20

119
Q

Structures that resist shear at L5/S1

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

A

Shear

  1. Disc
  2. Capsule of facets
  3. ALL
  4. Wide and sturdy facets (frontal plane)
  5. Iliolumbar ligaments
120
Q

With structures that resist shear at L5/S1:

The iliolumbar ligaments- inf aspect of __-__ AND _______ _________—> inf. to the _____/anterior to ______ and upper lat. sacrum- is a firm anchor between ____ and _____/sacrum

A

L4; 5
quadratus lumborum
ilium
SIJ
L5
ilium

121
Q

__________ refers to symptoms returning toward the origin of pain or resolving completely

A

centralization

122
Q

__________ refers to symptoms of pain or numbness/tingling traveling away from the pain

A

peripheralization

123
Q

_______ ________ is the The kinematic relationship between the spine and hips during sagittal plane motions

A

lumbopelvic rhythm

124
Q

With lumbopelvic rhythm, pay attention to the pattern and _______ ______ recruitment pattern- this could help address dysfunctions

A

trunk extensor

125
Q

Variations for lumbopelvic rhythm:

____° lumbar/ ____° hip (pelvic-on-femoral)

Usually 3 phases: ________ flexion; ________ flexion and ______ flexion- mostly hip flexion

Limited hip _______ and limited _______ flexion

A

45; 60

lumbar; lumbar; hip

flexion; lumbar

126
Q

With lumbopelvic rhythm:

A normal kinematic strategy used to flex the trunk from a standing position, incorporating a near simultaneous ____ degrees of flexion of the _____ spine and ___ degrees of hip (______-on-______) flexion

A

45; lumbar; 60

pelvic; femoral

127
Q

With lumbopelvic rhythm:

With limited flexion in the hips (for example, from tight ________), greater flexion is required of the ______and ______ thoracic spines

A

hamstrings

lumbar; thoracic

128
Q

With lumbopelvic rhythm:

With limited lumbar mobility, greater flexion is required of the _____ ______

A

hip joints

129
Q

What are the regions SIJ pain can occur?

A

L5-S3 spinal n.

less often L4-S2

130
Q

Pain with SIJ can occur in the

ipsilateral _____ _____
medial ________
________
long _______ ligaments

A

lower lumbar
buttocks
PSIS
SIJ

131
Q

Thoracolumbar fascia plays an important in _______ ________ of the low _____ and _______

A

mechanical stability

back; SIJ

132
Q

Thoracolumbar fascia is most extensive in the ______ _______

A

lower back

133
Q

With the thoracolumbar fascia, the anterior and middle layers are anchored to the _______

A

TPs

134
Q

The posterior layers of the thoracolumbar fascia are attched to the _____, ______, lat, and _______

A

SP; L/S; PSIS

135
Q

The sacral joint surface is ____-shaped or ____-shaped; vertical, ______, and horizontal long arm

A

Ear; L

short

136
Q

Sacral articular cartilage is normally ____ and _____

A

white; smooth

137
Q

Hyaline cartilage is ___-___ mm

A

1; 3

138
Q

With the sacral joint surface, interlocking contours prevent _______ ________ of the scarum

A

downward gliding

138
Q

The sacral joint surface has ________ ridges and ______ that are matched by reciprocal shapes on the ______-

A

irregular; depressions; ilium

139
Q

The articular surface of the sacrum is twisted _____ _____ _____

A

from above downwards

140
Q

The SIJ- ilia side is mainly ____________

A

fibrocartilage

141
Q

The SIJ is a ________ joint

A

synovial

142
Q

SIJ- the joint capsule has 2 layers, external _____ layer, and inner ______ layer

A

fibrous; synovial

143
Q

When the iliac crests move on scarum = ________ motion/ ________

A

innominate motion; iliosacral

144
Q

When the sacrum moves on the iliac crests (innominates) = _______ ________

A

sacroiliac motion

145
Q

SIJ-sacrum 3 planes of motion: ____/____/____/____

A

FLX
EXT
LF
ROT

146
Q

Motion occuring within the pelvis:

______ _____ is full nutation, standing when ______- gravity/ligs/muscles

A

close packed
loaded

147
Q

Motion occuring within the pelvis:

When _____- it is unloaded or ______ ______ the sacrum tends to return to ____________ or less stable

A

supine; open packed
counternutation

148
Q

Anterior/forward motion or ________ causes _______ of the sacrum

A

nutation; flexion

149
Q

Posterior; backward motion or __________ causes _________ of the sacrum

A

counternutation; extension

150
Q

Bilateral motion of the sacrum occurs with ______/_______ bending of the trunk

A

forward; backward

151
Q

Unilateral motion of the sacrum occurs with _______/_________ of the LE’s

A

flexion; extension

152
Q

Sacral _________ :is when the sacral base moves posteriorly and superiorly; glides _______ along the long arm and _______ up the short arm

A

counternutation

anteriorly

posteriorly

153
Q

With counternutation of the sacrum, the motion is resited by the _____ ______ ______

A

long dorsal ligament

154
Q

Sacral ________: is forward motion of the sacral promontory into the pelvis- coronal axis…________ and ________

A

nutation
anteriorly; inferiorly

155
Q

With nutation of the sacrum, it glides ________ down the ______ arm and __________ along the ______ arm

A

inferiorly
short

posteriorly
short

156
Q

With nutation of the sacrum, the motion is resisted by ______ shape of sacrum, ______/depressions in joint surface, ________ and sacrotuberous ligaments

A

wedge
ridges
interosseous

157
Q

The _____ ramus forms nerves that innervate muscles/joints/skin of the posterior trunk and neck

A

dorsal

158
Q

The _______ ramus generally forms nerves to innervate muscles/joints/skin of ant/lat neck, and extremities

A

ventral

159
Q

Trunk motion bilaterally is pure _____/______

A

FLX; EXT

160
Q

Trunk motion unilaterally adds a component of _____ ______/_____

A

lat FLX; ROT

161
Q

3 layers of musculature trunk?

A

Superficial
Intermediate
Deep

162
Q

What are the 5 superficial back muscles?

A

Trapezius
Latissimus Dorsi
Rhomboids
Levator Scapula
Serratus Anterior

163
Q

What are the 2 intermediate muscles?

A

Serratus posterior superior
Serratus posterior inferior

164
Q

What are the 3 muscle groups within the deep layer of the muscles?

A

Erector Spinae Group (spinalis, longissimus, iliocostalis)

Transversospinal group (semispinalis muscles, multifidi, rotatores)

Short segments group (interspinalis muscles, intertransversarius muscles)

165
Q

Multifidi Muscle Origin?

A

Posterior sacrum to C2

166
Q

Multifidi Muscle insertion?

A

TP to SP 1 or 2-4 vertebrae above

167
Q

The multifidi is the ________ and most developed in the _______ region, ___/____ of muscular ________ capacity

A

thickest
lumbar
2/3
stabilizing

168
Q

The multifidi muscle fills the space between ____/_____

A

TP; SP

169
Q

The multifidi muscle has a relatively large ____-_________ area

A

cross; sectional

170
Q

The _______ muscles atrophy quickly with injury and P!

A. extensor
B. flexor
C. multifidi

A

C.

171
Q

With the multifidi, the ______ and ______ ________ surround them

A

TA; thoracolumbar fascia

172
Q

The intermediate layer: is deep to the ________ and _________; it is _____ and helps with __________

A

rhomboids; lats

thin

respiration

173
Q

All superficial and intermediate muscles are considered _________

A

extrinsic

174
Q

All superficial and intermediate muscles are innervated by the ______ rami/______

A

ventral; plexi

175
Q

The superficial muscle group has bilteral help with _____ AND unilateral with ______ ________/________

A

EXT

Lat Flexion; ROT

176
Q

The deep muscle group is innervated by the ________ rami and are considered _______

A

dorsal; intrinsic

177
Q

The deep layer of muscles become progressively ______ and more ________

A

shorter; angulated

178
Q

The ______ _______ experiences a number of morphological and neurophysiological changes following a ____ _____ injury

A

lumbar multifidus

low back

179
Q

The lumbar multifidus experiences a number of morphological and neurophysiological changes following a low back injury

One of these changes is?????

A

segmental atrophy at the level of pathology

*more on the symptomatic side (as quickly as 24hrs. after injury)

180
Q

With a disc injury, it is called ______ and it’s either ______ or ______ _______

A

HNP; posterior; posterior lateral

181
Q

With a disc injury, it involves the ______ and fragments of dislodged ______

A

nucleus; endplates

182
Q

With a disc injury, the _____ can stay inside ______

A

NP; AF

183
Q

With a disc injury, it can _______ or ________ beyond the posterior rim of the ______ _______

A

bulge; protrude

vertebral body

184
Q

With a disc injury, it can _______ through the ____ (and PLL)

A

herniate

AF

185
Q

With a disc injury, it can _______ into the ______ space

A

extrude; epidural

186
Q

With a disc injury, it can become lodged or break off and that is called _________

A

sequestration

187
Q

The greatest injury risk during the sit-up arises if hip flexion occurs without….?

This may happen because of lack of _______ _______, ______ ______ dominance, or an inability to flex the ______ _______ (stiff spine)

A

trunk curl

abdominal strength; hip flexor; lumbar spine

188
Q

When doing a sit-up…

Hip flexor without a trunk curl (lumbar flexion) causes dangerous ______ ______ forces from __________ of the lumbar spine

A

anterior shear

hyperextension

189
Q

Fill in the blanks

A

abdominal

rectus abdominis

hip flexor

pelvic; femoral

190
Q

Fill in the blanks

A

discs; spinal flexion

hip flexion

191
Q

Fill in the blanks

A

trunk flexion; axial rotation

IO

rectus abdominis

axial rotation

192
Q

_______ _______: is a separation in the abdomen that occurs when the tissue between the rectus abdominis muscles—the two sides of your “six pack”—stretches or tears at the central vertical line.

It’s most common in….?

A

Diastasis Rectus

pregnant women

193
Q

______ _________ is when the portion of the whole movement segment is stabilized

A

Relative stabilization

194
Q

Which group of muscles:

  • Control precise alignment and stiffness
  • High density muscle spindles
  • Varying angles act as guidewires
A

short deep local muscles

195
Q

Which group of muscles:

  • Longer muscles
  • Important torque generators
  • Provide strong links between regions (cranium/spine/pelvis/legs)
A

global or extrinsic muscles

196
Q

When the UE is lifted, it is preceded by ___ ____________

A

TA contraction

197
Q

A _______ is when the nucleus migrates but remains contained in annulus

A

bulge

198
Q

________ is when the nucleus migrates through the outer annulus

A

extrusion

199
Q

_____ ______ is when the nucleus migrates and breaks away from the annulus

A

free sequestration

200
Q

The ________ and ________ muscles:

-Extremely short length

  • Crosses only 1 intervertebral junction
  • Most developed in the cervical region
  • Bilateral and blends with interspinous ligament
  • Extension (IS) and lateral flexion (IT)
  • Rich in muscles spindles – sensory feedback
A

interspinalis; intertransversarius

DPT Spring 2024 (30 decks)

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