Primer 1H - 2A Flashcards

Question 1

Q

Data Analysis.

Which term related to the relative thickness of tails of a distribution?

Central Tendency
Dispersion
Skewness
Confidence Interval

Question 2

Q

Average, mean, median, and mode are examples of

Central Tendency
Dispersion
Skewness
Confidence Interval

Answer

A

central tendency

Question 3

Q

Range, Standard deviation, variance, and standard error of the mean are examples of

Central Tendency
Dispersion
Skewness
Confidence Interval

Answer

A

Dispersion

Question 4

Q

Which is the value that occurs most frequently?

Mean
Median
Mode

Question 5

Q

Which is the arithmetic average when data is distributed normally?

Mean
Median
Mode

Question 6

Q

Which is the halfway point of the observations?

Mean
Median
Mode

Question 7

Q

A rejection of the null hypothesis based on a calculated test statistic when the null is actually true is which type of error?

Type 1 Error
Type 2 Error
Standard Deviation Error

Question 8

Q

A failure to reject the null hypothesis based on a calculated test statistic when the null is actually false is?

Type 1 Error
Type 2 Error
Standard Deviation Error

Question 9

Q

A design’s ______ is its ability to reject the null hypothesis when it is actually false.

Confidence Interval
Power
Confirmation bias
Variance

Question 10

Q

What can be used to test a null hypothesis regarding 1 or 2 groups of subjects?

Confidence Interval
Power
Confirmation bias
Variance

Answer

A

Confidence interval

Question 11

Q

What estimates the likelihood that one variable is causally influenced by another?

Confidence Interval
Power
Correlation analysis
Variance

Answer

A

Correlation analysis

Causal relationships can be examined using the techniques of correlation analysis. In other words, correlation analysis estimates the likelihood that one variable being observed (such as body weight) is causally influenced by another (such as height or age). The least squares techniques of linear and nonlinear regression can be used to identify a mathematical model of the
relationship. Linear regression is used to identify a straight line relationship (y = a + bx). Nonlinear regression is used to identify curvilinear relationships
such as y = a + bx2.75.

Question 12

Q

Which term refers to the function of a nutrient and relationship between a nutrient’s concentration and the biological effects of the nutrient?

Pharmacokinetics
Bioavailability
Distribution
Pharmacodynamics

Answer

A

Pharmacodynamics

Question 13

Q

Which term describes the extent to which an ingested nutrient reaches its site of physiologic action?

Pharmacokinetics
Bioavailability
Distribution
Pharmacodynamics

Answer

A

Bioavailability

The extent to which an ingested nutrient reaches its site of physiologic action is termed its bioavailability. Net bioavailability is determined by the balance of absorption efficiency, rate of delivery to the site of physiologic action, and relative rates of metabolism and excretion prior to arrival at the site of physiologic action. Bioavailability is affected by characteristics inherent
in the nutrient and by its interactions with other nutrients, drugs and physiologic factors.

Question 14

Q

Which term refers to the absorption, distribution, biotransformation, and excretion of an ingested substance?

Pharmacokinetics
Bioavailability
Distribution
Pharmacodynamics

Answer

A

Pharmacokinetics

Question 15

Q

Which term refers to the dissemination via circulation to interstitial and intracellular fluids?

1st pass metabolism
Bioavailability
Distribution
Biotransformation

Answer

A

Distribution

The distribution of a nutrient describes its dissemination via the circulation to the interstitial and intracellular fluids. The distribution of a nutrient depends on its lipid solubility and ionization state, blood flow at its site of physiologic action, the solubility of the nutrient at the site of its physiologic action, the availability of carrier substances and interactions with other nutrients and tissue components. Distribution characteristics may change in concert with alterations in bioavailability.

Question 16

Q

What increases the water solubility to facilitate excretion?

1st pass metabolism
Bioavailability
Distribution
Biotransformation

Answer

A

Biotransformation
(often called detoxification)

Nutrients, hormones, ingested substances and their metabolites may undergo
biotransformation to increase water solubility and facilitate excretion. These reactions, often called detoxification reactions, are classified as Phase 1 and Phase 2 reactions. Most Phase 1 reactions convert nutrients into highly oxidized and reactive intermediates.

Question 17

Q

Which refers to passage through GI mucosa, portal vein,and then liver…which can result in the conversion of a nutrient into a compound with different biological activity?

1st pass metabolism
Bioavailability
Distribution
Biotransformation

Answer

A

1st pass metabolism

Question 18

Q

About how much free glutamine is metabolized by enterocytes as an example of 1st pass metabolism?

25%
50
75
100

Question 19

Q

Biotransformation has how many phases?

1
2
3
4

Question 20

Q

Which biotransformation phase converts nutrients into highly oxidized and reactive intermediates?

Phase 1
Phase 2

Question 21

Q

Oxidations, reduction, dehalogenations, hydrolysis, dehydrogenations, dealkylations are types of reactions that occur in which phase of biotransformation?

Question 22

Q

Which are Phase 2 reactions?

Glucuronidations
Sulfations
Acetylations
Methylations
Peptide Conjugations
All of the above
None of the above

Answer

A

All of the above

Question 23

Q

Resting energy expenditure + Thermal effect of activity =

BMR
RMR
Harris Benedict Equation
Total Energy Expenditure

Answer

A

Total Energy Expenditure

estimated using factors such as a person’s basal metabolic rate (BMR), activity level, and the thermic effect of food.

Question 24

Q

___ also called basal metabolic rate (BMR) or resting metabolic rate (RMR), estimates the maintenance energy required to sustain the basic processes of sedentary, inactive life (including normal growth in children and the energy cost of digesting and absorbing food nutrients).

The amount of dietary energy required to fulfill this function in healthy individuals may be calculated according to the

Answer

A

Resting Energy Expenditure

Harris- Benedict equations:

Question 25

Q

What is Resting Energy Expenditure equivalent to?

BMR
Harris Benedict Equation
Mifflin St Jeor Equation

Question 26

Q

Maintenance energy needed to sustain basic processes of a sedentary and inactive life

BMR
RMR
REE
All of the above

Answer

A

All … they all mean the same thing

Question 27

Q

Harris Benedict Equation is used to calculate

Total Energy Expenditure
Resting Energy Expenditure
Thermal Effect of Food
Energy required for growth

Answer

A

Resting Energy Expenditure aka BMR

Question 28

Q

Which Harris Benedict Equation is for males and which is for females?

REE (kcal/d)=66.47+13.75(W in kg)+5.0(H in m)-6.76(A)
REE (kcal/d)=655.10+9.56(W)+1.85(H)-4.68(A)

Answer

A

Males:

Kcal/d=66.47+13.75(W)+5(H)-6.76(A)

Females:

655.10+9.56(w)+1.85(h)-4.68(a)

Question 29

Q

There’s an alternate option for REE estimation. What is it?

10-15 kcal/kg
15-20 kcal/kg
20-25 kcal/kg
25-30 kcal/kg

Answer

A

20-25 kcal/kg

Declining plasma free thyroxine (T4) concentration is accompanied
by a reduction in basal metabolic rate (BMR; resting energy expenditure).

Resting energy expenditure (REE), also called basal metabolic rate (BMR) or resting metabolic rate (RMR), estimates the maintenance energy required to sustain the basic processes of sedentary, inactive life (including normal growth in children and the energy cost of digesting and absorbing food nutrients). The amount of dietary energy required to fulfill this function in healthy individuals may be calculated according to the Harris- Benedict equations:

Estimates of REE should be modified according to the relative proportions of bone, lean tissue and fat-free mass present (in other words, body weight alone is not an accurate predictor of basal energy expenditure). REE declines with increasing age in adults, largely as a result of decreased resting energy expenditure in the brain.

Question 30

Q

REE is increased by:

Increased lifestyle activity
Wound healing
Surgery
Burns
Fevers
All of these

Answer

A

All of these

Question 31

Q

Which reflects the measure of heat provided during physical activity?

Energy Requirements of Growth
Thermal Effect of Food
Thermal Effect of Energy
Energy Toxicity

Answer

A

Thermal Effect of Energy

Question 32

Q

Which is the increased in energy expenditure related to the metabolic cost of food digestion and absorption?

Energy Requirements of Growth
Thermal Effect of Food
Thermal Effect of Energy
Energy Toxicity

Answer

A

Thermal effect of food

Question 33

Q

Every gram of tissue accretion requires about 5 kcal of energy and sufficient nutrients is accounted for by which concept?

Energy Requirements of Growth
Thermal Effect of Food
Thermal Effect of Energy
Energy Toxicity

Answer

A

Energy Requirements of Growth

Question 34

Q

Signs of this are weight loss, organ tissue loss, decreased immune function, declining cognitive function, wasting of sub-Q fat, and adaptive endocrine changes that reduce REE.

Energy Toxicity
Marasmus
BMR
TEE

Answer

A

Marasmus, or ENERGY DEFICIENCY

Question 35

Q

Weight gain and obesity are signs of….

Energy Toxicity
Marasmus
BMR
TEE

Answer

A

Energy Toxicity

Question 36

Q

Signs of this are stunted growth, hypoalbuminemia w/edema, ascites, muscle wasting, hair thinning, flaky and hyperpigmented extremities.

Energy Toxicity
Kwashiorkor
Wernickes
Beriberi

Answer

A

Kwashiorkor

Question 37

Q

Pyruvate dehydrogenase and dihydrolipoyl transacetylase, as well as transketolase, require which common vitamin?

B1
D
Biotin
B12

Question 38

Q

The active form of thiamin is thiamin pyrophosphate, also known as

Thiamin Monophosphate
Thiamin Diphosphate
Thiamin Triphosphate

Answer

A

Thiamin Diphosphate

Question 39

Q

Which of these decrease the bioavailability of thiamin? (choose all that apply)

Dietary fats
EtOH
Radiation
Acidic beverages

Answer

A

They all apply…

Question 40

Q

Good food sources of ___ include seeds, nuts, wheat germ, rice bran, legumes, meats (such as liver and pork), egg yolks, poultry, and fish.

B12
Biotin
B5
B1

Question 41

Q

What contains thiaminase and reduces B1 availability?

Potatoes
Pork
Raw Seafood
Beer

Answer

A

Raw Seafood

Question 42

Q

What does coffee and tea contain that can impair B1 absorption?

Thiaminase
Silicon
Polyphenols
Tannins

Question 43

Q

Sulfites and nitrates increase B1 absorption.

True or False

Answer

A

False…they impair it

Question 44

Q

What is the tolerable upper limit of B1?

1mg
10mg
100mg
1000mg
None

Question 45

Q

Which of these are caused by B1 deficiency?

Beriberi
Pellagra
Wernicke-Korsakoff's
Branched chain keto acidosis
Epilepsy

Answer

A

Beriberi
Wernicke-Korsakoff’s
BCKacidosis

Question 46

Q

Anticonvulsants, barbiturates, antimalarial drugs, OTCs, chemo agents, and EtOH reduce availability of which?

B1
Folate
Vitamin C
B3

Question 47

Q

Which vitamin is required for ETC function, reduction reactions, oxidation of AAs and FAs, hydroxylation rxns of hepatic drug detoxification, condensation of acetate or pyruvate into acetyl-CoA? And what is the cofactor is it a precursor for?

B2, FAD
B3, NAD+
B1, TPP
B6, P5P

Question 48

Q

Which drug group interferes with b2 availability?

Antimalarials
Antipyretics
Antiemetics
Antibiotics

Answer

A

Antimalarials

Question 49

Q

How many of these does cooking reduce availability of?

B1
B2
B3
Folate

Answer

A

All of them

Question 50

Q

60mg of Tryptophan yield how many milligrams of which B-vitamin?

60 mg B1
1 mg B1
1 mg B3
60 mg B3

Question 51

Q

Chronic deficiency of which leads to dermatitis, cheliosis, glossitis, blurred vision/light sensitivity, face and genital eczema?

B1
B2
B3
B6

Question 52

Q

B2 and folate have no known upper limit.

True or False

Question 53

Q

Cheese, yogurt, eggs, meat, poultry, fish, beans, spinach, whole grains, nuts, asparagus, avocadoes, broccoli…are good sources of?

B2
B3
Folate

Question 54

Q

The 4 Ds are dementia, diarrhea, dermatitis, and death. They signify which issue and nutrient deficiency?

Beriberi, B1
Ariboflavanosis, B2
Pellagra, B3
Wernicke’s Syndrome, b3

Answer

A

Pellagra, b3

Question 55

Q

What is the upper limit for daily Niacin?

30mg
35mg
3mg
3g

Question 56

Q

Which nutrient at 1 gram a day or more affects total serum cholesterol and impacts VLDL formation?

Riboflavin
Thiamin
Folate
Niacin

Question 57

Q

Which is required for 1 carbon metabolism, synthesis of deoxythymidine (DNA replication), and helps prevent neural tube defects?

B1
B2
B3
Folate

Question 58

Q

Yeast, livers, pork, chicken liver, alfalfa, green leafy spinach are great sources of

Vitamin C
Folate
B3
Vitamin D

Question 59

Q

Which nutrient is a precursor for coenzymes that function in dehydrogenase enzymes, are needed for synthesis of PO4 cmpds, CHO metabolism via glycolysis and HMP Shunt, Purine/pyrimidine synthesis, FA oxidation, lipoylsis cholesterol metabolism, thyroxine metabolism, steroid synthesis? And what are the coenzymes?

Niacin (NAD, NADH, NADP, NADPH)
Riboflavin (FAD, FADH)
Thiamin (TPP)
Folate (Folic acid)

Answer

A

Niacin, NAD etc

Question 60

Q

Eggs, liver, fish, milk/cheese, potatoes, corn, broccoli, carrots, tomatoes are good sources of

Vitamin C
Vitamin E
Niacin
Folate

Question 61

Q

Which vitamin is used in macronutrient metabolism and signs of deficiency are dry scaly skin, nausea, anorexia, and seborrhea in adults (in infants < 6 months, seborrhea and alopecia)?

B1
B3
B5
Biotin

Question 62

Q

Which vitamin plays a critical role in fat and CHO utilization, oxidation/reduction rxns of energy metabolism, manufacturing of adrenal hormones, and RBC metabolism?

Biotin
B5
B6
B1

Answer

A

B5

Pantothenic Acid (vitamin B5) plays a critical role in the utilization of fats and carbohydrates, in the oxidation/reduction reactions of energy production, in the manufacture of adrenal hormones and in the metabolism of red blood cells (following its conversion to coenzyme A). Good food sources of pantothenic acid include yeast, whole grains, egg yolks, organ meats (liver, heart, kidney), potatoes, peas, beans, and saltwater fish. The pantothenic acid content of foods is reduced by exposure to light, storage of milk in cartons or glass bottles, heat, evaporation, pasteurization, canning, cooking, and milling. Chronic pantothenic acid deficiency produces fatigue, nausea, and “burning feet syndrome” (numbness and shooting pains in the feet). There is no known upper safe limit of pantothenic acid intake (daily intakes of up to 10 g are safe). Large intakes may accelerate wound healing and reduce joint inflammation.

Question 63

Q

Which nutrient is hindered by the presence of alcohol, antibiotics, and avidin?

B1
B3
Biotin
B6

Question 64

Q

Fatigue, nausea, and “burning feet syndrome” are signs of which deficiency?

B1
B6
Biotin
B5

Answer 35

A

none known

Answer 36

A

Pyridoxal 5 phosphate

In order to perform its coenzyme functions, pyridoxine must be phosphorylated to pyridoxal-5’-phosphate:

Answer 37

A

Vit A…. greater than 25,000 IU / day can be toxic

TUL 3,000ug

Answer 38

A

Vit A … in the form of beta-carotene

Answer 39

A

Phosphorous

Answer 40

A

Magnesium

Answer 41

A

Potassium

Potassium is the major intracellular cation electrolyte and a primary regulator of cellular osmotic pressure, cell membrane potential and charge, normal renal function and acid-base balance. Caffeine and magnesium increase the urinary excretion of potassium. Good food sources of potassium include vegetables, fruits, milk, meats, hard water, dried apricots, avocados, flounder, lima beans, and bananas. Potassium often is leached out of foods that are boiled for long periods. Chronic potassium deficiency is associated with hypertension, impaired glucose tolerance, impaired protein anabolism, metabolic alkalosis, muscle weakness, confusion, respiratory distress, and slow irregular heart beat. Acute ingestion of very large amounts of potassium may produce acute heart failure, muscle fatigue, dysphasia, and cognitive impairment.

Answer 42

A

Magnesium

Answer 43

A

Magnesium

Answer 44

A

Phosphorous

Answer 45

A

Potassium

Potassium is the major intracellular cation electrolyte and a primary regulator of cellular osmotic pressure, cell membrane potential and charge, normal renal function and acid-base balance. Caffeine and magnesium increase the urinary excretion of potassium. Good food sources of potassium include vegetables, fruits, milk, meats, hard water, dried apricots, avocados, flounder, lima beans, and bananas. Potassium often is leached out of foods that are boiled for long periods. Chronic potassium deficiency is associated with hypertension, impaired glucose tolerance, impaired protein anabolism, metabolic alkalosis, muscle weakness, confusion, respiratory distress, and slow irregular heart beat. Acute ingestion of very large amounts of potassium may produce acute heart failure, muscle fatigue, dysphasia (affects your ability to produce and understand spoken language), and cognitive impairment.

Answer 46

A

Phosphorous

Answer 47

A

Potassium

Answer 48

A

Magnesium

Answer 49

A

Phosphorous

Phosphorus is involved in the regulation of energy metabolism, provides large amounts of biochemical energy in the forms of high-energy intermediates (such as adenosine triphosphate, adenosine diphosphate, guanidine triphosphate, and cyclic adenosine monophosphate), acts as the major intracellular and circulating proton buffer, is required for neurotransmission and neuromuscular transmission, is a major mineral component of bone and tooth structure, is a major mineral component of membrane phospholipids, and is required for proper kidney functioning. The bioavailability of phosphorus is reduced by concurrent ingestion of aluminum or calcium and is enhanced by concurrent ingestion of vitamin D. Caffeine may increase the urinary excretion of inorganic phosphorus. Good food sources of phosphorus include processed foods and soft drinks, foods high in protein content, cereal products, and many food additives. The phosphorus content of foods is enhanced by most techniques of food processing. Severe chronic phosphorus deficiency produces hemolytic anemia, respiratory failure, proximal myopathy, anorexia, ataxia, coma, glucose intolerance, osteomalacia, and multiple cardiac and renal dysfunction. Typically, no symptoms of phosphorus deficiency appear until plasma phosphorus concentration falls below 1.0 mg/dl. Early symptoms of mild phosphorus deficiency include irregular breathing, fatigue, numbness, weakness, weight changes, bone pain, and anorexia. Acute severe phosphorus excess may cause increased urinary excretion of calcium, shortness of breadth, irregular heartbeat, seizures and coma. Chronic ingestion of calcium and phosphorus in a ratio less than 1:2 causes hyperphosphatemia and nutritional secondary hyperparathyroidism.

Answer 50

A

Potassium

Answer 51

A

Magnesium

Answer 52

A

Magnesium

Answer 53

A

Vit D, caffeine

Answer 54

A

Copper

Copper is a cofactor associated with a number of oxygenases and is required for the proper functioning of many metalloenzymes, including monoamine oxidase and tyrosinase. As an integral component of many proteins and enzymes, copper participates in iron metabolism and erythropoiesis, glucose metabolism, iron absorption, the formation of bone marrow, the pigmentation of hair, skin and eyes, wound healing and connective tissue repair, maintenance of the integrity of myelin, skeletal mineralization, thermal regulation, the oxidation of iron, the synthesis and cross-linking of elastin and collagen, oxidative phosphorylation, melanin formation, myelin formation, glucose homeostasis, and antioxidant protection. The bioavailability of copper is enhanced by amino acids, protein and other chelating agents and is reduced by fructose, alcoholic beverages, and zinc. Good food sources of copper include nuts, whole grains, legumes and liver meats. Chronic copper deficiency decreases immune function and increases serum total cholesterol concentration, impairs glucose tolerance, inhibits new bone formation, produces irregularities in heart beat and increases tissue susceptibility to auto- oxidation. Copper generally is non toxic; daily intakes up to 0.5 mg/kg of body weight are considered safe. In some individuals, intakes > 10 mg can produce nausea, vomiting or abdominal pain.

Answer 55

A

Manganese

Answer 56

A

Molybdenum

Molybdenum is a required cofactor for the xanthine, aldehyde, and sulfite oxidases and is an electron transfer agent in oxidation-reduction reactions. Good food sources of molybdenum include meats, cereals, peas and beans. Chronic molybdenum deficiency may be associated with reduced life expectancy, retarded weight gain and impaired reproduction. Molybdenum is
relatively nontoxic, with daily intakes greater than 100 mg/kg required to produce symptoms of a gout-like syndrome.

Answer 57

A

Fluorine

Fluorine prevents anemia of pregnancy, reduces the formation of acid in the mouth caused by carbohydrates, contributes hardening to tooth enamel, contributes to stability of bone matrix, and is required for growth and fertility. Good food sources of fluorine include seafood, tea leaves, water in some areas, meats, poultry and whole grains. Chronic fluorine toxicity produces diminished tissue respiration, inhibited glycolytic utilization of glucose by erythrocytes, mottled teeth and skeletal deformations.

Answer 58

A

Manganese

Answer 59

A

Molybdenum

Molybdenum is a required cofactor for the xanthine, aldehyde, and sulfite oxidases and is an electron transfer agent in oxidation-reduction reactions. Good food sources of molybdenum include meats, cereals, peas and beans. Chronic molybdenum deficiency may be associated with reduced life expectancy, retarded weight gain and impaired reproduction. Molybdenum is relatively nontoxic, with daily intakes greater than 100 mg/kg required to produce symptoms of a gout-like syndrome.

Answer 60

A

Manganese

Answer 61

A

Molybdenum

Molybdenum is a required cofactor for the xanthine, aldehyde, and sulfite oxidases and is an electron transfer agent in oxidation-reduction reactions. Good food sources of molybdenum include meats, cereals, peas and beans. Chronic molybdenum deficiency may be associated with reduced life expectancy, retarded weight gain and impaired reproduction. Molybdenum is relatively nontoxic, with daily intakes greater than 100 mg/kg required to produce symptoms of a gout-like syndrome.

Answer 62

A

Boron

Boron reduces the urinary excretion of calcium, increases the serum concentrations of estrogen and testosterone, forms complexes with organic compounds containing hydroxyl groups, is required for cell membrane function, and may contribute to the prevention of osteoporosis. Good food sources of boron include soybean meal, prunes, raisins, almonds, rose hips, peanuts and hazel nuts. Chronic boron deficiency may contribute to excessive urinary calcium loss and low circulating concentrations of sex hormones. Chronic boron toxicity requires daily intakes of over 4 miligrams and may produce dermatitis, diarrhea, nausea or vomiting.

book says TUL is 20 mg

Answer 63

A

> 10mg (10,000 mcg) can cause nausea, vomiting, abd pain

Answer 64

A

Iron

Iron is the most abundant micromineral in the body and its most important role is to provide, as a component of hemoglobin and myoglobin, oxygen transport within blood and muscle. As an essential enzyme cofactor, iron also facilitates electron transfer during energy metabolism and participates in a number of oxidation/reduction reactions. Depending on local conditions, iron may produce oxygen free radicals. Iron is necessary for catecholamine metabolism, neutrophil function, cell proliferation and immune defense. The bioavailability of iron is increased by the concurrent ingestion of vitamin C, dietary sugars, and amino acids. The bioavailability of iron is reduced by the concurrent ingestion of tea, cobalt, manganese or dietary fiber and by vitamin B6
deficiency. Good food sources of iron include legumes, meats, organs, and baked beans.

Iron Status is reflected in the hematocrit and plasma hemoglobin concentration. Hematocrit is a measure of the concentration of red blood cells within the blood (the proportion of blood volume consisting of red blood cells). Hematocrit and plasma hemoglobin concentration are two of the most reliable indicators of the degree of anemia or polycythemia. Serumtransferrin concentration determines the capacity of the red blood cells to carry iron (total iron-binding capacity); transferrin is formed by the liver and is responsible for transporting iron obtained from dietary sources and from the breakdown of red blood cells in the spleen. Transferrin saturation indicates relative iron reserves, as does the serum concentration of ferritin, an important iron-storage protein.

Answer 65

A

25-75 mg/day

Answer 66

A

Manganese

Answer 67

A

Manganese

Manganese is a cofactor associated with a large number of enzymes, including pyruvate carboxylase, acetyl CoA carboxylase and the enzymes of the tricarboxylic cycle, mitochondrial respiratory chain and nucleic acid metabolism. Manganese also participates in bone mineralization and demineralization, reproduction, and nerve cell function. The bioavailability of manganese is reduced by concurrent ingestion of calcium, phosphorus, iron or cobalt and is enhanced by concurrent ingestion of histidine and citrate. Good food sources of manganese include whole grains and cereals, nuts, beans, egg yolks, and bananas. Food preparation and processing have little effect on the manganese content of foods. Chronic manganese deficiency impairs glucose tolerance and produces beta-cell granulation in the pancreas, hypocholesterolemia, impairment of lactation, fetal retardation, and skeletal deformities. Manganese is relatively nontoxic with adverse effects (impaired iron metabolism, anorexia, insomnia and muscle pain) at intakes greater than 10 mg/day.

Answer 68

A

Molybdenum

Answer 69

A

Nickel

Nickel enhances the use of iron. The bioavailability of nickel is reduced by the concurrent ingestion of milk and other dairy products, tea, ascorbic acid, coffee and orange juice. Chronic nickel toxicity (daily intakes greater than 0.25 mg per gram of food) produces abnormal hepatocyte and mitochondrial structure, impaired hematopoiesis, and degeneration of heart muscle, brain, lung, and kidney tissues.

Answer 70

A

Vanadium

Vanadium appears to mimic the effects of insulin on adipocytes, may be an enzyme cofactor, may regulate the sodium/hydrogen ion transporter, and may stimulate osteoblast activity. Acute ingestion of 4.5 mg or more may cause cramps and diarrhea. Long term daily intakes of 10 mg may produce sore eyes and bronchi or dermatitis.

TUL according to book 1.8mg

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Primer 1H - 2A Flashcards

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