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physical anthro > primates > Flashcards

primates Flashcards

1
Q

primate traits

A 
Opposable thumbs
Stereoscopic vision
Large brain 
Generalize tooth pattern
Omnivorous
Reproduction favors quality over quantity
Arboreal adaptations
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2
Q

primate social charateristics

A

Most are diurnal
Develop in a social context
Importance of play

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3
Q

development in a social context

A

Mother-infant bond very important
Harlow’s investigations on isolation
“Aunt” behavior by females in group

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4
Q

importance of play

A

Practice physical skills

Social relationships

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5
Q

Prosimians

A

show a lesser degree of primate traits

lemur, lorises, and tarsiers

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6
Q

lemur like forms

A 
Found only in Madagascar and the Comoro Islands
Range of body sizes
Quadrupeds
Vertical clinging and leaping
Solitary to large groups (60+ members)
Female dominance
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7
Q

loris like forms

A

Southeast Asia and sub-Saharan Africa
Nocturnal
Avoid other primates
Arboreal

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8
Q

Lorises

A

Slow quadrupedal locomotion

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9
Q

Bushbabies

A

Quick vertical-clinging-and-leaping

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10
Q

tarsiers

A 
Philippines and Indonesia
Nocturnal
Arboreal
Insect eaters
Vertical clinging and leaping
Mated pair and dependent offspring
No rhinarium
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11
Q

Anthropoids

A

old world primates and new world monkeys

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12
Q

Platyrrhines (new world monkeys) traits

A 
Broad, flat-bridged noses
Nostrils facing outward
Three premolars
Prehensile tail
Completely arboreal
Found only in the New World
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13
Q

Callitrichids (marmosets and tamarins)

A 
Very small
Claws instead of nails
Give birth to twins
Monogamy or polyandry
Male care of infants
Eat fruit, sap and insects
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14
Q

cebids

A

Monkey monkeys

Vary widely in size, group composition, and diet

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15
Q

Catarrhines (old world primates) traits

A

Narrow noses
Nostrils facing downward
Two premolars
Old World monkeys, apes, and humans

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16
Q

old world monkeys traits

A

Narrow noses
Nostrils facing downward
Two premolars

17
Q

Colobine Monkeys (OWM)

A 
Asian Langurs, African colobus monkeys
Mostly arboreal
Leave and seed eaters
Pouched stomachs
Long intestinal tracts
18
Q

Cercopithecine monkeys (OWM)

A 
Includes terrestrial specimens
Notable sexual dimorphism in some species
Depend more on fruit
Cheek pouches
Ischial callosities
19
Q

hominoid characteristics

A

Relatively large brains, especially cerebral cortex
Short, broad trunks
No tail
Skeletal specialization for suspensory locomotion
Some degree of bipedal locomotion
Flat and rounded molars
Blood proteins group chimps, gorillas and humans

20
Q

Gibbons and Siamangs (lesser apes)

A 
Southeast Asia
Specialized brachiators
Swing arm over arm
Pair bonding
Little sexual dimorphism
Highly territorial
21
Q

orangutans

A 
Borneo and Sumatra
High degree of sexual dimorphism
Body size
Cheek pads and throat pouches
Arboreal fruit-eaters
Solitary
22
Q

gorillas

A 
Africa
Eat stems, shoots, leaves, roots, flowers
Large degree of sexual dimorphism
Males twice the size of females
Sagittal crest (males)
Knuckle walking
Harem with “silverback” as leader
23
Q

chimpanzees

A 
Forested areas of Africa
Two species
Eat significant amounts of meat
Group organization seems to vary by location
Fusion-fission society
Patrilineal and matrilineal groups known
“Cultural” behaviors
24
Q

bonobos

A

Longer limbs, smaller heads, dark faces, part in their hair
No sexual dimorphism
More social and female centered

25
Q

hominid/hominin traits

A 
Bipedalism
Thumb is longer and more flexible
Larger brain size
Cerebral cortex
Generalized teeth
U-shaped dental arch
Present of a chin
Male-female bonding
26
Q

hominin behaviors

A 
Tool making
Spoken, symbolic language
Hunting large animals
Completely terrestrial
Longest infant dependency period
Division of labor
27
Q

incisors

A

Cutting
Most primates have 2
Primitive mammalian form is 4
Somewhat procumbent, becoming more vertically oriented through hominid evolution

28
Q

canines

A

Function = grasping, tearing
Large canines associated with carnivores
Social function
Diastema

29
Q

premolars

A 
Function = grinding, sometimes honing
Pongids and some monkeys have sectorial 1st premolar
Cutting, slicing complex with upper canine
Hominids = bicuspid
Trend to become more molar like
Primitive condition = 4
NWM = 3
OWM, apes, and humans = 2
30
Q

molars

A 
Function = grinding, crushing
Vegetarians have very large molars
OWM = bilophodont
Four cusps in two parallel rows
Hominoids = 5-Y pattern
31
Q

tooth arch shape

A

Earliest primates diverged in back
Modern apes = rectangular
Humans = parabolic

32
Q

molar enamel

A

Thin in gorillas and chimps

Thick in orangutans and hominids

physical anthro (12 decks)

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