health and disease

Question 1

Paleolithic H&D Baseline

Answer 1

Most of evolutionary history, humans lived in small, sparsely settled groups
Fertility and mortality rates balanced

Question 2

Hunters and Gatherers Disease Classes

Answer 2

Organisms adapted to prehominid ancestors and persisted
Lice, pinworms, yaws, malaria
Internal protozoa and bacteria: Salmonella, and staphylococci
Zoonotic diseases that have non-human animals as primary host and incidentally infect humans

Question 3

H&D: Early Human Evolution

Answer 3

Early human populations too small to support endemic diseases
Earliest hominids restricted to tropical savanna
Limit potential disease causing agents
Few viruses infecting early hominids

Question 4

First ET: Agricultural Populations

Answer 4

Sedentism increased parasitic diseases through contact with human waste
Domestication of animals provided greater exposure to zoonotic disease
Created pools of water for mosquitoes to breed in
Shift from varied, well-balanced diet to one with fewer types of food
Food storage probably resulted in food poisoning

Question 5

First ET: Urban Populations

Answer 5

Populations for the first time large enough to maintain disease in endemic form
Exploration and expansion of population into new areas
Introduction of novel disease to groups with little resistance

Question 6

First ET: Industrialization

Answer 6

Led to greater environmental and social transformation
Industrial waste polluted air and water
Slums focal point for poverty and spread of disease
Extremely high mortality
Immigration necessary to maintain population

Question 7

Second ET

Answer 7

Shift from acute infectious disease to chronic non-infection, degenerative diseases
Related to an increase in longevity
Germ theory
Decreases in infectious disease and reduction in infant mortality -> greater life expectancy

Question 8

Second ET: dieses

Answer 8

Share many etiological factors

Relatively recent appearance in human history

Question 9

Third ET

Answer 9

Reemergence of infectious disease with multiple antibiotic resistance
Due to the interaction of social demographic, and environmental changes
Adaptation and genetics of the microbe
Influenced by international commerce and travel
Breakdown of public health measures
Most reemerging disease are of cultural origin