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physical anthro > evolution > Flashcards

evolution Flashcards

1
Q

meaning of evolution

A

change over time
organisms related by decent from a common ancestor
evolution through natural selection

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2
Q

Bishop James Ussher

A

interpreted genesis

said earth was made in 4004 BC

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3
Q

darwin drew inspiration from

A 
Taxonomy
Geology
Paleontology
Demography
Evolutionary biology
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4
Q

taxonomy

A

Classifying living organisms and identify biological relationships
Wanted to present God’s plan for creation
Not evolutionary thinkers

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5
Q

Carolus Linnaeus

A 
Developed classification system for and animals
Systema Naturae
Included humans with animals
Humans grouped with apes
Binomial nomenclature
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6
Q

geology

A

reconstructing the changing surface of the earth

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7
Q

Charles Lyell

A

Uniformitarianism
Forces active in past are same forces as those active in present
Earth changes by flood erosion, drought, wind
“Stacking” of changes = strata or layers
Principles of Geology (1830-1833)
Earth much older than Ussher suggested

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8
Q

paleontology

A

reconstructing the history of life on earth

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9
Q

Georges Cuvier

A

Father of zoology, paleontology, and comparative anatomy
Theory of Catastrophism
Each stratum of earth contained different fossils
Earth’s history one of subsequent disasters resulting in extinctions and repopulations

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10
Q

Demography

A

Study of populations
Birth rates
Death rates
Factors that influence these

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11
Q

thomas Malthus

A

Human population doubles every 25 years
Food production increase only in a arithmetic progression
Species overpopulation checked by the struggle for existence
Competition for limited resources

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12
Q

Evolutionary Biology

A

Early attempts to explain transformation of life forms

Fossils were early forms of species

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13
Q

Jean Baptiste Lamarck

A 
Theory of Transformism 
Organs develop to satisfy needs
Inheritance of acquired characteristics
Interaction of organic forms with their environment
Spontaneous generation
Popularized idea of evolution
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14
Q

Alfred Russel Wallace

A

Expeditions to the Amazon and Malayan Archipelago
Similar ideas to darwin
Also influenced by Malthus
July 1, 1858 Wallace and Darwin presented joint papers to the Linnean Society

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15
Q

origin of species

A

Mutability of species
Species evolve from other species via Natural Selection
Descent with modification

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16
Q

Evolution through Natural Selection

A

Surviving offspring have advantageous characteristics for survival
These offspring survive and reproduce themselves
Over time the frequency of these advantageous traits increases

17
Q

darwin’s evidence

A 
Domestication of plants and animals
Breeding
Geographic distribution of life forms
Geological and paleontology record
Comparative anatomy
Vestigial organs
Embryology
18
Q

embryology

A

Ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny
More general characteristics appear before more specific ones
Animals progressively diverge from related forms during development
Ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny
Early stages of young animals resemble early stages of primitive forms

19
Q

Philosophical Materialism

A

Matter is the stuff of all existence
Mental and spiritual phenomena are by-products
Other evolutionists spoke of vital forces, organic striving
Wallace claimed the human mind was a divine creation
Darwin did not address issue of human evolution until 1871
Descent of Man

20
Q

Evolution through Natural Selection

A

A trait must be inherited
Natural selection cannot occur without variation in a population
Fitness is relative
Evolution is not directed (random)
Selection is a non-random (directed) force
Occurs at the level of the individual
Acts on the phenotype but affects the genotype
Works through differential net reproduction
number of offspring born - number of offspring that die before reaching reproductive age
If die before reproducing then it is as if you never lived
With breeding isolation can lead to speciation
`Can account for high degree of sexual dimorphism

21
Q

types of evolution

A

Directional
Stabilizing
Disruptive
Bimodal

22
Q

evolution

A

Occurs at the level of the population, species

Occurs because of differential net reproduction

23
Q

parallel evolution

A

Develop of similar structures that occur independently and are probable due to similar evolutionary conditions

24
Q

convergent evolution

A

Development of structure in remotely related forms that superficially resemble each other

25
Q

divergent evolution

A

Closely related species become more morphological divergent due to different evolutionary pressures

26
Q

darwin’s failures

A

Unable to explain source of variation

Failed to know mechanism by which parents transmit traits

physical anthro (12 decks)

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