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Anthropology > Primate in the present > Flashcards

Primate in the present Flashcards

1
Q

Humans are ___________

A

Primates

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2
Q

What are the feature of a primate?

A
  1. Presence of clavicle (collarbone)
  2. Omnivores diets (eats plants & animals)
  3. Emphasis on vision (stereoscopic & color) over smell
  4. Large brain to body ratio
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3
Q

What is a primate?

A

Arboreal with grasping (prehensile) hands & feet

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4
Q

Summary of locomotion (walking) types?

A
  1. Terrestial & arboreal adaptions

(Leaping, arboreal climbing, arboreal 4 - legged, terrestical 4-legged (digitgrade & knuckle-walking)

  1. Bipedalism
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5
Q

Primate diversity

A
  1. Locomotion (walking)
  2. . Culture & social structure
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6
Q

Primate Communication

A
  1. Olfactory (smell)
  2. Vocalization
  3. Gestures & expressions
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7
Q

Describe primate social structure

A
  1. Mostly soical
  2. Social groups categories
  3. Kinship through descent (maternal biology)
  4. Human an exceptions
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8
Q

Group Solidarity

A

Affiliative behaviors:

  1. Social interaction that reinforce social bonds
  2. Benefits everyone involved
  3. Bonding, security, warmth, endorphins
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9
Q

Primates learn ___________

A

Behaviors

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10
Q

What types of social groups do primates have?

A

Most primate species use one of these basic patterns:

  1. Single female with offspring
  2. Polyandrous family (multiple males, females)
  3. Polgymous family (multiple female, male)
  4. Multi-partner (M/F) groups
  5. Fission-Fussion
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11
Q

Animals have ___________

A

Culture

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12
Q

What are the Categories of Primates?

A
  1. Prosinians
  2. Anthropiod
    - New world monkey
    - Old World Monkeys
    - Lesser Apes
    - Great Apes
    - Humans
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13
Q

What are features of prosimians ?

A
  1. Pre-monkey
  2. Tropical regions (Africa & Asia)
  3. Most primative primates (Have the most mammals like traits)
  4. Compared to other primates they are mammal-like, longer snouts (mouth) & rostrums, more emphasis on smell, more mobile ears, whiskers & have relatively fixed facial expressions
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14
Q

What monkeys are prosimians?

A

Lemurs, Loris, tarsiers

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15
Q

Lemurs

A
  1. Only found in madagascar & have at least 22 different species
  2. They are nocturnal
  3. They organize & communcicate like mammals (Social with dominant female, seasonal mating only)
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16
Q

Arboreal Quadruped

A
  1. Balanced & branch grasping abilitles
  2. Spinate their hands & feet toward the curve: lateral scapula, short arms & legs similar length, curved finger & toes
  3. Lemurs, capuchin monkey , squirrel monkey
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17
Q

Tarsier

A

More Monkey like than lemurs & found in southeast asia & phillipines

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18
Q

What monkey leaps?

A

Tarsiers, Sifakas

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19
Q

Antropoids

A

Monkey & Apes

20
Q

What are the different types of monkeys?

A
  1. Old World
  2. New World
21
Q

Hominoids

A
  1. Lesser Apes
  2. Great Apes
  3. Humans
22
Q

Where are new worlds monkeys found?

A

Found in central & south America

23
Q

What features do new world monkeys have?

A
  1. Prehensile
  2. 3 Premolars
  3. Arboreal
  4. Vegetarian (Insectives)
24
Q

What are the most primative new world monkeys?

A

Marmosets, Tarmins, & Houler Monkeys

25
Q

Mamosets & Tamains

A

Most primative new world monkeys because they have no opposable thumbs, claws instead of nails, no prehensile tails & unmoving faces

They start monogamous & later become polyandrous, they give birth twice a yr

26
Q

Howler Monkey

A

Defending from top branches, they are polgymous (give birth 1-2yrs) & have distinct mating groups

27
Q

Squirel Monkey

A

Very social, have numerous vocalizations, they co-exiat with brown capuchin monkey

28
Q

Old World Monekys

A
  • Diverse habitats in africa, asia, & europe
  • Same tooth patterns as apes & humans
  • Tails are not prehensile
  • Pounched stomachs or checks
  • Ischial callosities
  • Sexual dimorphism
  • Aboreal and/ or terrestrial
  • Digitgrade quadrupets
29
Q

Terrestrial Quadruped (Digitgrade)

A

Less need for balance

  • Arms & legs similar lengths
  • Restricted shoulder
  • Short finger
  • Reduced tail
  • Reduced joint mobility

(Old world moneys)

30
Q

Vervet Monkeys

A
  • Large groups up to 50 individuals
  • Seasonal reproduction
  • Multi- M/F groups
31
Q

Symbolic Communication in vervet monkeys

A

They have 3 distinct alarms, where infants have to learn them & learn to react to them

32
Q

Macaques

A

Found across africa, southeast asia, Japan & they are commonly used for medical research

33
Q

Macaque families

A
  • Multiple males/multiple females
  • Mate amongest themselves
  • Dominance hierarchy & submission
  • Alpha male & female
  • Males may have to find new mates but would have to start at the bottom of the hierarchy
34
Q

Hominoids

A
  • Apes & Humans
  • Lesser Apes
  • Great Apes
  • Humans
35
Q

When compared to other primates Hominoids are what?

A
  • Large brains & cerebral cortexes
  • No tails
  • Bipedal capabilites
  • Omnivores
  • Distinct dental patterns
36
Q

Lesser Apes

A

Gibbons & Siamangs (Found in southeast asia, Arboreal brachiators)

Have small groups (Low sexual dimorphism & dominance)

37
Q

Suspensory Climbing

A

Arboreal Climbing

  • Long arms
  • Flexible wrists
  • Long, curved finger
  • Dorsal scupla

Orangutans & Gibbons

38
Q

Gibbons

A

Monogamous mating (nuclear families)

Menacing vocalizations (Identify individuals gibbons)

39
Q

Great Apes

A

Gorilla, orangutans, chimpanzee, bonabo

40
Q

Organutans

A
  • Sumatra & Burneo
  • Sexually dimorphic
  • Largely solitory
41
Q

Gorillas

A

Largest living apes (They live in equatorial western low lands & mountains areas of africa)

Sexually dimorphic

42
Q

Terrestrial Quadruped Knuclewalking

A

African Apes, Support larger frames

  • Long arms
  • Long, curved finger
  • No tails or reduced tail
43
Q

Gorilla Culture

A

Social groups with dominant male silverback

  • Survival female mates & their offspring
  • Subacult males tolerated until competitive
  • Can learn sign language
44
Q

Chimpanzees

A
  • Closest livng genetic relative of humans
  • Less sexual dimorphism
  • Can create tools & communicate
45
Q

Chimpanzee Culture

A
  • Live in groups of up to 50
  • Monogamous or fission-fussion
  • Short term alliances
46
Q

Bonobos

A
  • Pygmy chimpanzee
  • Peaceful & female led
  • Bonobo handshake
  • Congo
47
Q

Hominnins

A
  • One extant species
  • Habitually bipedal
  • Large, complex brain & cerebral cortex (Humans have prominant forehead & brains are more than twice the average size of gorillas)

Anthropology (9 decks)

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