Genetics & Evolution

Question 1

Back in time how many years old did people believe the earth was?

Answer 1

6,000 yrs old

Question 2

Law of superposition

Answer 2

Newer items are located above older items (helped break the idea that the earth is 6,000 yrs old)

Question 3

Uniformitarianism

Answer 3

The belief that the earth is very old & that the present is the key to understanding the past

Question 4

Catastrophism

Answer 4

Extreme natural disaster cause mass extinction (ex. hurricane)

Question 5

What is plato’s theory of forms?

Answer 5

1. Static world with fixed species
2. Sharp division between all species
3. All species that have ever existed or ever will exist, do exist

Question 6

What is Aristotle’s great chain of being?

Answer 6

Most primitive to most advanced/divine/perfect

Question 7

What is unilinear graduation?

Answer 7

All species can be arranged in a hierarchy based on how far they deviate from divine perfection

Question 8

What are carolus linneaus 4 species of human?

Answer 8

1. Homo Afer
2. Homo Americavous
3. Homo Asiaticus
4. Homo Europus

Question 9

What is early cultural evolutionism (rejected eurocentric view)?

Answer 9

Savagery —> Barbanism —> Civilization

Question 10

____________ doesn’t evolve & is not biological

Answer 10

Cultural

Question 11

What is lamarekian / transformatinal evolution?

Answer 11

Individuals evolved to become more complex ( Choose which traits to evolved & pass them down to offspring)

Question 12

________________________ eradicates plato’s fixed specied but relies on aristole’s great chain

Answer 12

Lamarakian/transformatinal evolution

Question 13

Darwin Natural Selection

Answer 13

Similar species share a common ancestry (Variation within population)

Question 14

Natural Selections occurs without _________________

Answer 14

Human Inference

Question 15

Unnatural Selections

Answer 15

Occurs with human interference/ selection (ex. Dog breeding)

Question 16

Great Chain Belief

Answer 16

Believe that god created an infinite & continous series of life forms each one grading into the next from simplest to most complex & that all organism even humans were created in their present forms relatively recently & they remained unchanged since (Believe that earth is 6000 yrs old)

Question 17

Evolution

Answer 17

Biological evolutions is genetic change in a populations from one generation to another

Question 18

Aristotle’s Great Chain of Being

Answer 18

List of species from most primative to most advanced/divine

God

Angels

Humans

Animals

Plants

Minerals

Question 19

What did aristotle believe in?

Answer 19

He believed in unilinear gradation which means all species can be arranged in a hierarchy on how for they deviate from divine perfection

Question 20

Linaeus’s Taxonomy

Answer 20

Arranged species based on traits where its a combined concepts of hierarchreal (Aristotle), fixed species (plato), ignores any devation

Question 21

________ influence traits & they come in pair of chromosomes which come from both parents?

Answer 21

Genes

Question 22

Mendelian Genetics

Answer 22

Gregor Mendel believed that parents contribute one allele to a chromosome pair and he also believe that genes are independently inherited where the dominant trait is express

Question 23

Principle of darwininian evolutions

Answer 23

States that individuals & populations have diversity & unequal opportunity for reproductive success

Question 24

Principle of natural selection

Answer 24

1. Unequal opporunity to reproduce
2. Adaptive traits are promoted
3. Change over time
4. New species results from variation due to reproductive isolations & geographic or cultural

Question 25

_____________ spreads by genetics by drift & gene flow

Answer 25

Variability

Question 26

Genetic drift

Answer 26

Changes in a population diversity

Question 27

What are the two major cause for genetic drift?

Answer 27

1. Founder effect
2. Bottleneck effect

Question 28

Offspring leaves parental group & establish a new population where the offspring new population have traits that the parent population don’t have (genetic diversity is different)… this is an example of what?

Answer 28

Founder Effect

Question 29

Bottleneck effect

Answer 29

Is an unexpected population decrease (can be caused by catastrophic diseater)

Question 30

Since only a few survive in the bottle neck effect the remaining ________________ can express different traits that differ from the original populations

Answer 30

New population

Question 31

Gene Flow

Answer 31

Increase similarites between populations by sharing genes between the two population (decrease diversity)

Question 32

____________ can be hard to tract because of things like the founder effect where the new population that migrated elsewhere will have different traits than original population & those traits will be passed down to every generation & won’t be able to find the original traits (& bottleneck effect)

Answer 32

Genetics

Question 33

Not all ______________ differences are due to genetics some are due to adaptions (genetic) & acclimatization (not genetics)

Answer 33

Human Differences

Question 34

Acclimatization (not genetic)

Answer 34

Physical change influenced by the environment (ex. get used to hot weather or cold weather)

Question 35

______________ anthropology is diverse extensive (talks about human origins, modern human health, migration pattern’s, human/ non-humans interactio, etc)

Answer 35

Biological Anthrology