Genetics & Evolution Flashcards
Back in time how many years old did people believe the earth was?
6,000 yrs old
Law of superposition
Newer items are located above older items (helped break the idea that the earth is 6,000 yrs old)
Uniformitarianism
The belief that the earth is very old & that the present is the key to understanding the past
Catastrophism
Extreme natural disaster cause mass extinction (ex. hurricane)
What is plato’s theory of forms?
- Static world with fixed species
- Sharp division between all species
- All species that have ever existed or ever will exist, do exist
What is Aristotle’s great chain of being?
Most primitive to most advanced/divine/perfect
What is unilinear graduation?
All species can be arranged in a hierarchy based on how far they deviate from divine perfection
What are carolus linneaus 4 species of human?
- Homo Afer
- Homo Americavous
- Homo Asiaticus
- Homo Europus
What is early cultural evolutionism (rejected eurocentric view)?
Savagery —> Barbanism —> Civilization
____________ doesn’t evolve & is not biological
Cultural
What is lamarekian / transformatinal evolution?
Individuals evolved to become more complex ( Choose which traits to evolved & pass them down to offspring)
________________________ eradicates plato’s fixed specied but relies on aristole’s great chain
Lamarakian/transformatinal evolution
Darwin Natural Selection
Similar species share a common ancestry (Variation within population)
Natural Selections occurs without _________________
Human Inference
Unnatural Selections
Occurs with human interference/ selection (ex. Dog breeding)
Great Chain Belief
Believe that god created an infinite & continous series of life forms each one grading into the next from simplest to most complex & that all organism even humans were created in their present forms relatively recently & they remained unchanged since (Believe that earth is 6000 yrs old)
Evolution
Biological evolutions is genetic change in a populations from one generation to another
Aristotle’s Great Chain of Being
List of species from most primative to most advanced/divine
God
Angels
Humans
Animals
Plants
Minerals
What did aristotle believe in?
He believed in unilinear gradation which means all species can be arranged in a hierarchy on how for they deviate from divine perfection
Linaeus’s Taxonomy
Arranged species based on traits where its a combined concepts of hierarchreal (Aristotle), fixed species (plato), ignores any devation
________ influence traits & they come in pair of chromosomes which come from both parents?
Genes
Mendelian Genetics
Gregor Mendel believed that parents contribute one allele to a chromosome pair and he also believe that genes are independently inherited where the dominant trait is express
Principle of darwininian evolutions
States that individuals & populations have diversity & unequal opportunity for reproductive success
Principle of natural selection
- Unequal opporunity to reproduce
- Adaptive traits are promoted
- Change over time
- New species results from variation due to reproductive isolations & geographic or cultural
_____________ spreads by genetics by drift & gene flow
Variability
Genetic drift
Changes in a population diversity
What are the two major cause for genetic drift?
- Founder effect
- Bottleneck effect
Offspring leaves parental group & establish a new population where the offspring new population have traits that the parent population don’t have (genetic diversity is different)… this is an example of what?
Founder Effect
Bottleneck effect
Is an unexpected population decrease (can be caused by catastrophic diseater)
Since only a few survive in the bottle neck effect the remaining ________________ can express different traits that differ from the original populations
New population
Gene Flow
Increase similarites between populations by sharing genes between the two population (decrease diversity)
____________ can be hard to tract because of things like the founder effect where the new population that migrated elsewhere will have different traits than original population & those traits will be passed down to every generation & won’t be able to find the original traits (& bottleneck effect)
Genetics
Not all ______________ differences are due to genetics some are due to adaptions (genetic) & acclimatization (not genetics)
Human Differences
Acclimatization (not genetic)
Physical change influenced by the environment (ex. get used to hot weather or cold weather)
______________ anthropology is diverse extensive (talks about human origins, modern human health, migration pattern’s, human/ non-humans interactio, etc)
Biological Anthrology
