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Anthropology > Interpreting fossil record (genus homo) > Flashcards

Interpreting fossil record (genus homo) Flashcards

1
Q

The genus homo

A
  1. Appear 2.5 mya
  2. Concurrent existence with other hominins
  3. Habitual tool user
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2
Q

Hominin evolution (brain expansion)

A
  1. In the past 2 million yrs brain size has doubled & then tripled
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3
Q

Why is it hard to trace evolution?

A
  1. Names change
  2. Traits aren’t evolving/progressing towards human evolution
  3. Some traits seem primitive & other seem advanced
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4
Q

What are all of the homo species?

A
  1. Homo habilus (2.8mya) (First tool user
  2. Homo rectus (1.8 mya) (first fire user)
  3. Homo heidelburgensis
  4. Homo naledi
  5. Homo neanderthalensis
  6. Denisovans
  7. Homo floriensis
  8. Homo sapiens (200,00 yrs ago)(modern humans)
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5
Q

Homo habilis (“Handy man”)

A
  1. 2.8 -1.8 mya
  2. lived in east * south africa
  3. first tool user
  4. larger
  5. 4’3ft tall
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6
Q

Oldowan stone tool (oldest tool used)

A
  1. Used by the homo habilis
  2. Percussion flaking (beat rock against another rock or hard surface to make sharp edge)
  3. Fist -sized cobble core & small, thin flake tool
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7
Q

Homo erectus (“upright man”)

A
  1. 1.8 mya - 140,00 yrs ago
  2. First species to leave africa
  3. Used more sophisticated stone tools
  4. First fire user
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8
Q

What are homo erectus skeletal traits?

A
  1. Larger brain than homo habilis & australopithecines
  2. smaller dentition
  3. shorter arms
  4. modern hips & legs
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9
Q

Lower paleolithic culutures

A

Since homo erectus adapted to new environments quickly & without any physicl changes, suggest cultural rather than biological/evolutionary adaptation

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10
Q

Acheulian stone tools

A

1`. Was used by homo erectus

  1. Was a bifacial tool
  2. Standardized design
  3. Acheulian hand axe
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11
Q

Dmansi, Georgia

A

Was an early migration site for individuals who migrated out of africa

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12
Q

Pekinb man site in zhoukoudian china

A

Has more than 200 homo erectus fossils

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13
Q

Homo heidelbergensis

A
  1. 700-200,000 yrs ago
  2. Lived in africa, europe, & asia
  3. possible ancestor of homo neanderthalensis & homo sapiens
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14
Q

Atapuerca spain

A
  1. Oldest secure evidence of humans in europe
  2. Sima de los huesos (pit of bones) in a limestone cavern
  3. 300-200,000 yrs old (2,500 bones found)
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15
Q

Atapuerca gran dolina

A
  1. Juvenile human remains mixed with other animals (Cut & broken)
  2. Early evidence of cultural cannibalisms (800,000 yrs ago)
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16
Q

Homo naledi

A
  1. Lived 300,000 yrs ago in south africa
  2. Was found in the rising star cradle of humankind world hertiage site
  3. well documented homo species in africa (1,500 fossils found)
17
Q

What are traits of homo naledi?

A
  1. 500cc brain cranial capacity
  2. 5ft tall
  3. Body similar to australoputhecines
  4. Modern wrist , feet, & teeth
  5. Long curved fingers, shoulders
18
Q

Homo florensiensis

A
  1. 100-60,000 yrs ago
  2. Lived in indonesia, island of flores
  3. Similar size & height as australipithecus
  4. They were usual hominin
19
Q

Middle paleolithic culture (middle stone age)

A
  1. 300-40,000 yrs ( multiple species use similar tools)

2. Mousterian stone tool tradition (more elaborate than homo erectus)

20
Q

Mousterian stone tool

A
  1. Named after le moustier rock shelter
  2. Not core tools (retouched flakes)
  3. Levalloisian method (turtle shell pattern)
  4. Evidence of hafting
21
Q

Modern humans homo sapiens

A

Earliest know site is ethiopia (omo 1) 195,000 yrs ago

22
Q

Homo neandertalensis

A
  1. Lived 400-40,000 yrs ago in europe & west asia
  2. Larger brains
  3. Stockier, very strenuous use of body
23
Q

Homo neandertalensis

A
  1. Assumed (wrongly) to be ape-like & primitive

2. DNA states that they are different from homo sapiens

24
Q

Shanidar Cave

A

9 neanderthal burials found

25
Q

Denisovans

A
  1. Mysterious hominin
  2. DNA very differet but used similar tools as modern humans
  3. Rare & contemporary of neanderthals & modern humans
26
Q

What happened to the neanderthals?

A

Believed that they couldn’t adapt & became extinct

Anthropology (9 decks)

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