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Anatomy > Primary Tissues > Flashcards

Primary Tissues Flashcards

1
Q

Process of differentiation

A
  • Expression of different gene subsets –> different protein expression
  • Affects structure & function
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2
Q

Originator cell

A

Stem cell - first cell in the differentiation process

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3
Q

Define tissue

A

A group of specialised cells with a distinct function

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4
Q

Define organ

A

A group of specialised organs with a certain function

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5
Q

4 body tissues

A
  • Epithelia
  • Connective tissue
  • Muscle
  • Nervous tissue
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6
Q

Define epithelia

A

Covers and lines surfaces and body cavities - enclosing a sheltered environment

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7
Q

Define connective tissue

A

Fibrocollagenous tissue - consists of fibres, cells & extracellular matrix

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8
Q

Define muscle

A

Contractile tissue - contracts under voluntary or involuntary control

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9
Q

Define nervous tissue

A

Collects, processes and sends info through neuron network –> to create a response

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10
Q

Functions of epithelia x4

A
  • Secretion
  • Absorption
  • Transport
  • Protection
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11
Q

4 epithelial junctions & their function

A
  • Tight junctions –> sealing
  • Desmosomes –> strengthens cell links
  • Gap junctions –> small molecules can pass between cells
  • Adherens junctions –> connection linking actin
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12
Q

Burns

  • what
  • dangers
A
  • Loss of skin barrier function

- Infection, fluid loss

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13
Q

Basement membrane

- features x2

A
  • Proteins –> links to surface of epithelial cells

- Filamentous proteins –> strength

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14
Q

Neurons

  • structure x3
  • function
A
  • elongated cells
  • dendrites –> basal, collect info
  • axon –> apical, single digital output
  • secrete neurotransmitters by exocytosis
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15
Q

Myelination - in PNS

A

Schwann cells wrap around neurones to produce the fatty sheath

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16
Q

Myelination - in CNS

A

Oligodendrocytes (glial cells) produce the fatty sheath

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17
Q

4 types of glial cells

A
  • Schwann cells
  • Satellite cells
  • Astrocytes
  • Microglial cells
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18
Q

Astrocytes

  • what
  • function
  • white vs grey matter
A
  • Star-like fibular proteins
  • Metabolic support –> attach to & maintain endothelium
  • Grey = ‘blobby’, white = more strung out
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19
Q

Microglial cells

  • what
  • function
A
  • Macrophage

- Engulfs pathogens, synapses, dead cells etc.

20
Q

3 types of muscle

A
  • Skeletal
  • Cardiac
  • Smooth
21
Q

Skeletal muscle

A

Striated, multinucleate, coordinated contraction = mostly voluntary.
Fibres have peripheral nuclei

22
Q

Cardiac muscle

A 
Striated, coordinated contraction, involuntary, branched 
Junctions - e.g. intercalated discs
Central nuclei (as wide as cell)
23
Q

Smooth muscle

A

Non-striated, coordinated contraction, involuntary, spindle shaped –> hard to see cell boundaries
Not much cytoplasm
Central nuclei

24
Q

Examples of connective tissue x4

A
  • Cartilage
  • Bone
  • Teeth
  • Adipose tissue
25
Q

2 functions of fibrocartilagenous / fibrocollagenous tissue

A

Packing, support tissues e.g. around organs

26
Q

3 types of fibrocartilaginous tissue

A
  • Loose
  • Dense
  • Reticular
27
Q

Structure - loose connective tissue x3

A
  • Lots of cells
  • Collagen
  • Spaces occupied by proteoglycans
28
Q

Structure - dense connective tissue x3 (& example)

A
  • Packed
  • Collagen
  • Less spaces
  • e.g. tendons
29
Q

Structure - reticular connective tissue x2 (& example)

A
  • Soft framework
  • Support
  • e.g. liver
30
Q

Cells in fibrocartilaginous tissue (& their function) x4

A
  • Fibroblasts –> make collagen
  • Macrophages –> phagocytose
  • Mast cells –> synthesise histamine
  • Plasma cells –> synthesise antibodies
31
Q

Cartilage

  • function
  • 3 types
A
  • Flexibility, smooth joint movement

- Elastic, hyaline, fibrocartilage

32
Q

Elastic cartilage

A

Flexible (as contains elastin)

33
Q

Hyaline cartilage

A
  • Low friction, durable

- Contains chondrocytes & lots of cytosol

34
Q

Fibrocartilage

A

Strong (as contains collagen)

35
Q

Adipose tissue - white fat

  • structure
  • function x2
A
  • One lipid droplet occupies most of the cell
  • Stores energy
  • Releases leptin
36
Q

Adipose tissue - brown fat

  • structure
  • function
A
  • Contains multiple fat globules

- Generates heat (instead of ATP)

37
Q

Dorsal horn cells

  • what
  • structure x2
  • function
A
  • Biggest neurons
  • V long processes
  • Satellite cells around edge
  • Proprioception (detecting position in space)
38
Q

Axons vs dendrites

A
  • Axons contain less organelles

- Axons stay the same size –> dendrites decrease away from the cell

39
Q

Axon hillock

  • appearance in histology
  • function
A
  • Paler - as lacks Nissl substance

- Axon potential generation

40
Q

Myelin & histology

A
  • Rapid freezing used (not embedding) - as myelin is rich in membrane
41
Q

Structure - fibroblasts x2

A
  • Lots of rER (for secretion of fibrous proteins)

- At surface, processes = continuous w fibres

42
Q

Structure - macrophages x1

A

Derived from monocytes = differentiated into phagocytes

43
Q

Structure - mast cells x1

A

Contain granules (modified secretory lysosomes) –> contain histamine, heparin

44
Q

Structure - plasma cells x3

A
  • B cell lymphocytes
  • Small round nucleus w a lot of cytoplasm
  • Have differentiated to be antibody-secreting
45
Q

Structure - adipose tissue x2

A
  • Originate from fibroblast-like precursors

- Accumulate lipid droplets –> therefore, thin cytoplasm

Anatomy (10 decks)

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