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Anatomy > Blood Vessels > Flashcards

Blood Vessels Flashcards

1
Q

3 layers of blood vessel walls

A
  • Tunica interna
  • Tunica media
  • Tunica externa/adventitia
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2
Q

Tunica interna

  • structure
  • one function
  • structural difference in larger arteries
A
  • Endothelium –> simple squamous epithelial layer
  • Secretes endothelins (hormones) = interact w smooth muscle (constrictive or dilatory effects)
  • Have an internal elastic membrane next to BM
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3
Q

Tunica media

  • structure x2
  • one function
A
  • Concentric smooth muscle cells
  • Varying amounts of elastic fibres –> in laminae (concentric)
  • Vasoconstriction –> to increase BP
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4
Q

Tunica externa/adventita

  • structure
  • one function
  • its blood supply
A
  • Longitudinally orientated connective tissue (primarily collagen)
  • Holds vessel together
  • By vasa vasorum
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5
Q

Vascular tree

A

Heart –> elastic artery –> muscle artery –> arterioles –> capillaries –> venules –> medium veins –> large veins –> heart

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6
Q

Elastic arteries

  • structure
  • function
A
  • Thick wall w lots of elastic tissue

- Expand during systole & relax during diastole –> elastic recoil

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7
Q

Muscular arteries

  • structure
  • function
A
  • Thick layer of circular muscle in tunic media

- Controls distribution of blood to regions through construction & relaxation

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8
Q

Metarterioles

- structure x2

A
  • Same diameter as capillary

- Smooth muscle in walls

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9
Q

Atheroma

  • what
  • consequences
A
  • Plaques in arteries

- May form a thrombus (blood clot) –> vascular occlusion

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10
Q

Capillaries

  • structure x2
  • form…
A
  • Simple squamous epithelium
  • BM splits to enclose pericytes
  • Capillary beds
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11
Q

What regulates blood flow in capillary beds

A

Pre-capillary sphincter

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12
Q

Function of pericytes in capillaries

A

Look after endothelial cells

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13
Q

3 types of capillary

A
  • Continuous
  • Fenestrated
  • Sinusoid
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14
Q

Continuous capillaries

- structure x2

A
  • Tight junctions between cells
  • Vesicles for transportation
    Most common
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15
Q

Fenestrated capillaries

- structure x2

A
  • Circular fenestrae/pores

- Larger molecules can cross

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16
Q

Sinusoid capillaries

  • structure
  • location
A
  • Bigger gaps

- In v specialised areas, so much less common

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17
Q

Venules

  • % of blood at rest
  • structure x2
A
  • 60-70%
  • Thin walls
  • Valves
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18
Q

Artery vs vein x3

A
  • Vein nearly always bigger (wider lumen)
  • Vein = thinner wall
  • Vein collapses, artery retains round same as more smooth muscle
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19
Q

3 vessels out of the top of the aorta

A
  • Brachiocephalic trunk
  • Left common carotid artery
  • Left subclavian artery
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20
Q

What does the brachiocephalic trunk split into? x2

A
  • Right subclavian

- Right common carotid

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21
Q

How do the common carotid arteries split?

A

Into the internal left/right & the common

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22
Q

How do the subclavian arteries split?

A

Into the vertebral

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23
Q

What blood vessels supply the head & neck?

A

Common & internal carotid

24
Q

What blood vessels supply the brain?

A

Vertebral arteries provide a co-lateral supply

25
Q

Names of the subclavian artery as it goes down the upper limb x3

A
  • Subclavian
  • Axillary
  • Brachial
26
Q

How does the brachial artery split?

A

Into radial & ulnar artery

27
Q

Anastomoses

  • what
  • function
  • example
A
  • When one vessel plugs into another
  • Co-lateral supply that allows for flow beyond a joint if a vessel gets occluded during movement
  • e.g. superficial & deep palmar arches
28
Q

Superficial & deep palmar arches

  • what
  • where
A
  • Anastomoses

- Arches in hand formed from radial & ulnar arteries

29
Q
  • Descending from the aorta, it becomes….
A
  • Descending thoracic aorta becomes common iliac artery
30
Q

What do trunk arteries supply?

A

Segmental blood supply to abdominal & thoracic wall

31
Q

How does the common iliac artery split?

A

Into left and right common iliac artery

32
Q

How do the left and right common iliac arteries split?

- & what do they supply

A
  • Internal iliac –> supplies pelvis

- External iliac –> continues into lower limb

33
Q

What does the external iliac artery become?

A

The femoral artery

34
Q

Femoral artery

  • where does it lie
  • lies alongside…
  • becomes…
A
  • Femoral triangle
  • Femoral vein & nerve (vein –> artery –> nerve)
  • Popliteal artery
35
Q

Main blood supply to the thich

A

= Profunda femoris (deep femoral artery)

36
Q

Sequence of thoracic arteries

A
  • Aorta
  • Descending thoracic aorta
  • Common iliac artery
  • -> splits left & right
  • -> splits internal & external
37
Q

Sequence of upper limb arteries

A
  • External becomes the femoral artery

- Becomes the popliteal

38
Q

Sequence of lower limb arteries

A
  • Poplital
  • Splits –> anterior tibial & tibio-peroneal trunk
  • Tibio-peroneal trunk splits –> peroneal & posterior tibial
39
Q

Lower limb veins

- 2 types

A
  • Deep

- Superficial

40
Q

Lower limb - deep veins

  • location
  • naming them
A
  • Accompany limb arteries

- Share names of the arteries

41
Q

Lower limb - superficial veins

  • location
  • function
  • examples x2
A
  • More superficial
  • Communicate w deeper veins via perforating veins
  • Great Saphenous Vein
  • Small Saphenous Vein
42
Q

How is blood pooling avoided in the lower limb veins? x3

A
  • Venous muscular pump
  • Veins run through muscles –> muscles contract –> blood forced up
  • Valves prevent backflow
43
Q

Superficial upper limb veins

  • Medial side
  • Lateral side
  • Meeting point
A
  • Basilic vine
  • Cephalic vein
  • Antecubital fossa (joined by medical cubital vein)
44
Q

Abdominal veins

  • e.g. vein mirroring common iliac artery
  • converge upon…
A
  • Common iliac vein

- Inferior vena cava

45
Q

Inferior vena cava location x2

A
  • Runs up right side

- Behind liver into heart

46
Q

Venule equivalent of internal & external carotid arteries
- & what they drain into

A
  • Internal & external jugular veins

- Brachiocephalic veins

47
Q

Azygous vein

  • location
  • what drains into it
  • what it drains into
A
  • Along vertebral column (between IVC & SVC)
  • Veins in posterior thoracic wall (e.g. intercostal veins)
  • SVC
48
Q

GI veins

  • why different from other body systems
  • via…
A
  • Nutrients are absorbed - so transported straight to liver (not all the way around the system)
  • Hepatic Portal Vein
49
Q

What are vasa vasorum?

A

‘Vessels of the vessel’

- Smaller vessels branch into the outer part of the media of larger vessels

50
Q

Internal elastic lamina

  • where
  • structure
  • function
A
  • End of tunica intima
  • Layer of fenestrated elastic tissue
  • Takes full force of systolic output
51
Q

Artefacts in histology of aorta

A 
Radial spokes (folds, crinkles in aorta)
- Due to elastic fibres
52
Q

Difference in structure between elastic & muscular arteries

A
  • Tunica media: muscular = mainly muscle fibres vs elastic
53
Q

Arterioles

  • structure x2
  • function x2
A
  • Thick wall, narrow lumen
  • Prominent layers of smooth muscle but not a clear adventitia
  • Resistance to cardiac output
  • Controls blood distribution (vasoconstriction & dilation)
54
Q

Venules

  • structure
  • function
A
  • Thinner wall = very permeable

- More permeable than capillaries –> site of fluid formation (e.g. exudate)

55
Q

Arteriole vs venule x3

A

Venule =

  • Normally bigger
  • Larger lumen
  • Less smooth muscle
56
Q

In what vessel is there the biggest pressure drop?

A

Arterioles

Anatomy (10 decks)

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