MS System: Joints & Muscles

Question 1

Joint functions x3

Answer 1

• Facilitate growth
• Transmit forces
• Allow movement

Question 2

Why do younger ppl have more joints

Answer 2

• Epiphyseal plate hasn’t fused, so more cartilage

Question 3

Synarthroses

- & example

Answer 3

Immovable, fixed

- skull

Question 4

Amphiarthroses

- & example

Answer 4

Slightly movable

- spinal column

Question 5

Diarthroses

- & example

Answer 5

Very movable

- knee

Question 6

Sutures

• type
• info
• example

Answer 6

• Fibrous joint
• Dense fibre network holds bones together
• Skull vault bones

Question 7

Syndesmosis

• type
• info
• example

Answer 7

• Fibrous
• Fibrous membrane between bones
• Between radius & ulnar

Question 8

Primary synchondrosis

• type
• info x2
• example

Answer 8

• Cartilaginous
• bone - hyaline - bone
• V strong, no movement
• 1st costosternal joint

Question 9

Secondary synchondrosis

• type
• info x2
• example

Answer 9

• Cartilaginous
• bone - hyaline - fibrocartilage - hyaline - bone
• Midline of body, limited movement (amphiarthroses)
• Pubic symphysis, intervertebral disks

Question 10

Synovial

- info x2

Answer 10

• Most common

- Friction-free movement

Question 11

Soft tissue joint classification (3 types)

Answer 11

• Fibrous
• Cartilaginous
• Synovial

Question 12

Features of a synovial joint x4

Answer 12

• Fibrous capsule
• Synovial membrane
• Articular cartilage
• Articular cavity/capsule

Question 13

Fibrous capsule

• structure
• function x2

Answer 13

• Collagen fibres, rich nerve supply

- Gives structure, holds bones together

Question 14

Fibrous capsule & ligaments….

Answer 14

Fibrous capsule can thicken along lines of stress –> ligaments

Question 15

Why is nerve supply important in the fibrous capsule

Answer 15

Important for proprioception

body’s awareness of its position in space

Question 16

Synovial membrane

• location
• structure
• function x2

Answer 16

• Inside of fibrous capsule
• Collagenous tissue
• Produces synovial fluid, lubricates joint

Question 17

Articular cartilage

• location
• structure
• function

Answer 17

• Lines ends of bone
• Hyaline cartilage
• Friction-free surface

Question 18

Problem w structure of articular cartilage

Answer 18

• Avascular (no blood vessels) –> poor blood supply –> poor at repairing itself

Question 19

Synovial fluid

- functions x3

Answer 19

• Reduces friction
• Provides metabolites to articular cartilage
• Removes waste

Question 20

Synovial fluid & viscosity

Answer 20

Can change physical property depending on force going through it

• relaxed movement –> low
• strong force –> thickens –> shock absorber

Question 21

Range of movement determined by….

Answer 21

Shape of articular surface

e.g. ball & socket = 3 planes

Question 22

Stability influenced by… x3

Answer 22

• Shape of bones
• Strength & position of ligaments
• Muscle tone (more = more stable)

Question 23

Muscle tone

Answer 23

Continuous low-level pull within a muscle

Question 24

Intra-articular discs

• what
• where
• function
• example

Answer 24

• Fibrocartilage disks
• Joints w rotatory movements
• ‘deepen’ the joint –> more stable
• Knee

Question 25

Gomphosis - type - info - example

Answer 25

- Fibrous - 'peg & socket' - Teeth in jaw

Question 26

Components in muscle functional groups x3

Answer 26

- Prime mover --> main participant - Synergists --> other muscles = assist - Antagonists --> group that opposes movement

Question 27

Deep fascia - types x3 - at end of muscle fibre...

Answer 27

- Endomysium (round 1 fascicle/muscle fibre) - Perimysium (round fascicles) - Epimysium (dense sheath on surface) - -- - All come together --> tendon

Question 28

Myostatin - what - if defective...

Answer 28

- Inhibits differentiation of skeletal muscle | - Loses inhibition of muscle cell growth

Question 29

Ligament function

Answer 29

Restrict movement, protects joint

Question 30

Intrinsic ligament

Answer 30

Part of capsule

Question 31

Extrinsic ligament

Answer 31

Outside of capsule (e.g. knee)

Question 32

Sprain

Answer 32

Overstretching of a ligament

Question 33

Bursae - what - where - function - example

Answer 33

- Sacs lined w synovial membrane (therefore, lubricated w synovial fluid) - Where friction occurs (e.g. between skin & bone) - Prevent rubbing - e.g. in knee

Question 34

Synovial sheaths - what - where - why - example - problem

Answer 34

- Specialised bursae - Surround tendons subject to pressure - Prevent rubbing (in long tendons) - e.g. in hand (finger to wrist) - Are routes for infection - as are long

Question 35

Osteoarthritis - type of disease - where - what

Answer 35

- degenerative (due to excess use) - weight-bearing joints - extra bone growth --> loss of joint space

Question 36

Rheumatoid arthritis - type of disease - where - what

Answer 36

- autoimmune - any joint - antibodies attack synovial membrane --> destroys articular cartilage