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MD2001 > Primary Tissue Types > Flashcards

Primary Tissue Types Flashcards

1
Q

What is a tissue ?

A

Group of specialised cells with distinct function

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2
Q

What are examples of simple multicellular organisms ?

A

Hydra and sponges

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3
Q

What are the advantages of cells grouping into tissues ?

A
  • Division of labor and coordinated function for tissues
  • Possibility for larger organisms
  • Support and motility
  • Exploitation of resources (not available to single cells)
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4
Q

What are the steps of differentiation ?

A

Each cell has genome of 1st cell of embryo –> selective expression and gene silencing (through DNA methylation) yields 100s of difference cell types

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5
Q

What is the role of differentiation programmes ?

A

To determine levels and pattern of protein expression (determines cell function)

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6
Q

What is asymmetric division ?

A

Process by which cell gives rises to 2 daughter cells with different contents. Some differentiate (New set of genes/proteins expressed to produce cells with distinct functions) whilst some remain stem cells.

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7
Q

How is gene expression regulated ?

A

By transcription factors

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8
Q

What are the types of stem cells?

A

Pluripotent- in early embryo

Tissue specific- in tissue

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9
Q

What are organs ?

A

Many tissues grouped together

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10
Q

What are the 4 basic body tissues ?

A

Epithelia, CT, muscle, neural tissue

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11
Q

What are the functions of epithelia ?

A 
Absorption
Secretion
Transport
Selective barrier + Protective barrier 
Strength and support
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12
Q

Why may burning be dangerous ?

A

Loss of skin barrier function –> Loss of fluid and possible infection

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13
Q

What are possible surface modifications for epithelia ?

A

Vili, microvili and cili

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14
Q

What is the role of tight junctions ?

A

Sealing

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15
Q

What is the role of desmosomes ?

A

Strengthening cell links

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16
Q

What is the role of adherens junctions ?

A

Linking movement proteins for movement

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17
Q

What is the role of gap junction ?

A

Connecting cytosol of adjacent cells

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18
Q

What does the BM of epithelia contain ?

A

Proteins linking to surface of epithelial cells and

Filamentous proteins providing strength

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19
Q

What is the CNS made up of ?

A

Brain and spinal chord

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20
Q

What is the PNS made up of ?

A

“Nerves and ganglia outside brain and spinal chord”

21
Q

What is the neuron theory ?

A

Theory that neurons are seperate entities

22
Q

What are neurons ?

A

Excitable nerve cells which convey information as action potential

23
Q

What is the base and the apex of a neuron ?

A

Base is dendrites. Apex is axons.

24
Q

Which of dendrites and Axons direct the impulse towards the cell and which away from the cell ?

A

Dendrites- Towards cell

Axon- Away from cell

25
Q

What is an internode ?

A

Portion of Axon between 2 nodes of Ranvier. Covered with myelin sheath

26
Q

What is a major advantage of myelination ?

A

Allows for quicker rate of action potential since they are jumping between nodes of Ranvier through saltatory conduction

27
Q

Where does secretion occur ?

A

At the Axon end bulb, into the synapse.

28
Q

What is the difference between PNS myelination and CNS myelination ?

A

In the PNS, one shwann cell builds one internode.

In the CNS, one oligodendrocyte builds a number of interonodes

29
Q

What is the function of glial cells ?

A

Supporting the neurons

30
Q

What are the glial cells of the PNS ?

A 
Shwann cells (responsible for myelination) 
Satellite cells (support cells in ganglia)
31
Q

What are the glial cells of the CNS ?

A

Oligodendrocytes (responsible for myelination)
Astrocytes
Microglia
Ependyma (lining cells of CNS cavities)

32
Q

What is the shape and function of astrocytes?

A

Star shaped

Function includes metabolic and mechanical support, also found in CNS scar tissue

33
Q

What is the origin and function of microgial cells?

A

Their origin is hematopoietic stem cells.

They have a function in phagocytosis and antigen presentation

34
Q

What is the distinctive structural features of all muscle ?

A

Contain contractile filaments composed of actin and myosin.

35
Q

What are the three types of muscles ? Are they voluntary ? Are they striated ?

A

Skeletal (voluntary, striated) BUT reflexes are involuntary
Cardiac (involuntary, striated)
Smooth (involuntary, unstriated)

36
Q

What is the structure of each kind of muscle ?

A

Skeletal muscle - Draw it
Cardiac muscle - Structural linkages of myocytes (myocytes found in all three) via intercalated discs
Smooth muscle - Cells are spindle shaped. No striking array of myosin and actin

37
Q

What is the main feature of connective tissue ?

A

Mix of cells and ECM

38
Q

What are the different kinds of fibrocollaginous tissue ? Give examples for each. Which collagen is used in each ?

A

Loose (around epithelia/organs) Type 1 collagen
Dense (tendons, ligaments) Type 1 collagen
Reticular (liver, lymph nodes) Type III collagen

39
Q

What are the types of cells found in fibrocollaginous tissue ?

A

Fibroblasts
Macrophages (phagocytose and present antibodies to stimulate immune cells)
Mast cells
Plasma cells (mature B cells) (synthesise antibodies)
Stem cells
Blood cells
Adipocytes (specialised in storage of fat)

40
Q

What is the function of cartilage ?

A

Bring flexibility, smooth joint movement and strength

41
Q

Is cartilage vascular ?

A

NO

42
Q

Is bone vascular ?

A

YES

43
Q

Are proteoglycans present in bone ECM ?

A

Yes

44
Q

What types of adipose tissue exist ? What are the functions of each

A 
White fat (white adipose tissue), energy storage, insulation and protection, producing adipokines 
Brown fat (brown adipose tissue), heat production
45
Q

Which cells are adipocytes derived from ?

A

Mesenchymal stem cells

46
Q

What are adipokines ?

A

Cytokines which send signals to regulate nutritional balance and other systems. E.g leptin

47
Q

How does brown fat make heat ?

A

By uncoupling oxidative phosphorylation in mitochondria. Hence, has multiple mitochondria (and multiple globules of fat)

48
Q

Where is brown fat located ?

A

In the upper trunk region.

MD2001 (35 decks)

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