Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

MD2001 > Intro to Respiratory System 1. Structure of the Airway > Flashcards

Intro to Respiratory System 1. Structure of the Airway Flashcards

1
Q

How is inhalation achieved ?

A
  1. Contraction and lowering of the diaphragm causing the lungs to expand
  2. Raising of the ribs using intercostal muscles
  3. This creates a negative inter thoracic pressure, sucking air through conductive passages (nasal cavity, nasopharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How is exhalation achieved ?

A

Relaxation of intercostal muscles and diaphragm (generally passive)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

How are nasal cavities held open ?

A

By bone and cartilage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What constitutes the lining of the nasal cavities ?

A

Respiratory epithelium (pseudo stratified, ciliated, columnar epithelium interspersed with Globlet cells)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What structure is the nasal septum made of ?

A

Anteriorly septal cartilage and posteriorly vomer bone and ethnoid bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How might a deviated septum cause issues ?

A

May compromise sinus drainage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What are the boundaries of the nasal cavities ?

A

Nasal septum (medially), hard and soft palate (inferiorly) ethnoid, sphenoid and frontonasal bone (superiorly) and nasal conchae (laterally)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Where is olfactory epithelium located ?

A

It is restricted to roof and adjacent lateral wall, including the olfactory bulb

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How many conchae are there ?

A

3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the role of the conchae ?

A

Provide turbulence and increase SA for air flow and heat exchange (highly vascular)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Where are the meatus and sinuses located relating to the conchae ?

A

The meatus is under each conchae (so middle and inferior meatuses) whilst the sinuses are adjacent to these meatuses, opening up into them.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the significance of the meatuses ?

A

They allow communication between sinuses and the nasal cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Where are the conchae located ?

A

They project from the lateral wall

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the role of sinuses ?

A

Lighten weight and allows more air to be taken and circulated (extra-space)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is a clinical downside of sinuses ?

A

Possible sinus blockage and excess mucus production.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How may sinusitis come into place ?

A

Ciliary action is compromised by infection, which means mucus clearance is compromised (cannot drain on its own since opening of maxillary sinus high in its medial wall).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Where is the opening of the eustachian tube located ?

A

On lateral wall of nasopharynx

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the function of the nasolacrimal duct ?

A

Draining tears from conjunctiva of eye

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the four sinuses of the face and where are they located ?

A

Maxillary sinuses (under orbits), fontal sinus (above eyebrow), ethmoidal sinuses at the top of the tent structure of the nose, and sphenoidal sinuses at the very back.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Why is the maxillary sinus the one which tends to fill with mucus ?

A

Because its exit point is quite high up.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Where the maxillary sinus mucus drain ?

A

Into the middle meatus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

How is anastomosis relavant to the nasal cavity ?

A

The nasal mucosal membrane is highly vascular and the vessels it contains anastomose between branches of external carotids, and branches of internal carotids (both L and R)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Where are the olfactory bulb (which is in cranial space) and nerves responsible for the sense of small located ?

A

On the roof and upper parts of the lateral wall of the nasal cavity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What kind of tube is the pharynx (structurally) ?

A

Muscular and fibrous

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is the function of the nasopharynx ?

A

Transporting air

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What is the function of the oropharynx ?

A

Transporting air + food and fluids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What divides the nasopharynx and oropharynx ?

A

The soft palate

28
Q

What is the function of the epiglottis?

A

Switching between the larynx (air) and oesophagus (food)

29
Q

What is the explanation behind a hick up ?

A

Irritation of nerve causing rapid spasm of the diaphragm and the epiglottis closes. Noise is release of air from closed epiglottis.

30
Q

What happens to the epiglottis when breathing ? when eating

A

It is open, allowing passage of air.

It is closed, so fluids and food pass around it and into oesophagus.

31
Q

What is the ary-epiglottic fold ?

A

Side bits of epiglottis, sealing the structure

32
Q

What are possible reasons for altering diameter of the larynx?

A 
To allow passage of air only
To control airflow for speech and for raising intra-abdominal P 
Sneezing
Coughing
Speech
33
Q

Which structures are superior and inferior to the larynx ?

A

The epiglottis and trachea

34
Q

What bone is found in the larynx ?

A

The hyoid bone

35
Q

Which membrane is found in the larynx ? Where exactly ?

A

The thyrohyoid membrane which attaches at top of thyroid cartilage

36
Q

Where are the cartilages in relation to the larynx ? What is their function ?

A

Around it. Supporting it.

37
Q

What are the 9 cartilage found around the larynx ?

A 
1 epiglottic 
1 thyroid
1 cricoid 
2 aryteroid
2 corniculates
2 cuniform
38
Q

Where do the cuniform cartilages sit ?

A

They are suspended in mucosal surface (at the back of the cricoid cartilage)

39
Q

Where do the aryteroid and corniculate cartilages sit ?

A

Posterior and superior to cricoid cartilage

40
Q

Which is the only cartilage which goes fully around ?

A

Cricoid

41
Q

What shape is the cricoid cartilage ?

A

Signet ring, big chunky part at the back and narrow at the front

42
Q

What is the site of emergency access to the airway ?

A

The cricothyroid membrane

43
Q

How does the thyroid cartilage attach to the hyoid bone ?

A

Through ligaments linking superior spurs of thyroid cartilage to hyoid bone

44
Q

Where is the epiglottic cartilage located relative to the others ?

A

Superior to all of them

45
Q

What do the indentations on surface of arythenoid, corniculate, cuneiform and cricoid cartilages show?

A

They are the sites of attachment for ligaments and muscles

46
Q

Where do these ligaments pass relative to the thyroid cartilage ?

A

To the front of it, in a V shaped structure

47
Q

What is the function of the ligaments attached to the arythenoid, corniculate and cuneiform cartilages and passing in front of the thyroid cartilage ?

A

Supporting the vocal chords

48
Q

Which cartilages are free to rotate ? How so ? Why is that significant ?

A

The arytenoid cartilages. Because they are not attached to cartilage underneath and are instead attached to muscles and ligaments. Significance is that it enables movement of the vocal chords such as shutting for high pitched noises and opening wide for breathing).

49
Q

Which cartilages are the vocal chords attached to ?

A

Posteriorly to arytenoid cartilage and anteriorly to thyroid cartilage

50
Q

What are the three laryngeal folds and their associated membranes (ALL ACTUALLY ONE MEMBRANE) ?

A

Aryepiglottic fold, which is the upper edge of the quadrangular membrane

Vestibular fold which is formed by the lower edge of the quadrangular membrane

Vocal fold which is the upper edge of the cricovocal/cricothyroid membrane

51
Q

What is the difference between true and false vocal cords ?

A

The true vocal cords are white whilst the false vocal cords are red.
The true vocal cords sit anteriorly to the false vocal cords.
The false vocal cords are a ligamented structure

52
Q

What happens to the vocal cords when they are damaged?

A

Nodules sitting on the true vocal cords prevent them from closing properly

53
Q

What are the components of the laryngeal inlet/protective sphincter and what is its function?

A

The laryngeal inlet is made by the aryepiglottic folds. Its function is to control air coming in and out of the lungs

54
Q

How is this laryngeal inlet closed ?

A

By elevation of the larynx during swallowing (move over surface of it and down into oesophagus).

55
Q

Which kind of tissue aids the closure and widening of the laryngeal inlet ?

A

Muscles within aryepiglottic folds

56
Q

Where is the saccule located and what is its function ?

A

It is located within the opening of the laryngeal ventricle. In it are mucosal glands which help lubricate the vocal folds.

57
Q

What is the glottis ?

A

Space between the folds in the vocal cords

58
Q

In which situations would you need to raise intra-abdominal pressure ?

A

Micturition, defecation, lifting heavy objects

59
Q

What is the rima glotidis ?

A

Opening between the true vocal cords and arytenoid cartilage of the larynx

60
Q

Which structure is responsible for narrowing or widening or altering the tension of the rima glotidis ?

A

Posterior crico-arytenoid muscle

61
Q

What are the main actions of laryngeal muscles ?

A

1) Closing/opening the laryngeal inlet (made by aryepiglottic fold)
2) Closing/opening the rima glotidis (through arytenoid gliding and rotation)
3) Shorten/lengthen the vocal folds (through “rocking” ar cricothyroid joint)

62
Q

What structures does the superior laryngeal nerve supply ?

A

It supplies only 1 muscle, and sensation about vocal chords

63
Q

What structures does the recurrent laryngeal nerve supply ?

A

It supplies all other muscles and sensation of vocal chords and below.

64
Q

Which structures are at risk during thyroid surgery ?

A

Laryngeal nerves

65
Q

Where is the trachea relative to surrounding structures ?

A

Anterior to oesophagus, medial to carotid arteries and internal jugular veins, inferior to larynx.

66
Q

Which structure surrounds the upper proportion of the trachea ?

A

Thyroid gland

MD2001 (35 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions