Introduction to Anatomy Flashcards
What is the importance of systematic anatomy ?
Allows the integration of anatomy with microbiology, physiology, pathology, pharmacology
What is the importance of regional anatomy ?
Understanding it is essential to understand the effect the effects of widespread disease (like cancer) and cancer
How is surface/Living anatomy performed ?
Through observation and palpation
What is the importance of cross-sectional anatomy ?
Knowledge of this essential to understand modern imagining techniques
What is the other name for microscopic anatomy ?
Histology
What are the two types of sweat glands existing and what are the differences between them ?
Merocrine (acidic secretions)
Apocrine (basic secretions, becomes active with puberty and promotes bacterial growth hence the smell)
What are Langer Lines and what is their significance ?
Tension/cleavage lines importance in surgery: if incision parallel to those lines will results in less gaping less scar tissue and faster healing.
How do Langer lines tend to spiral in the limbs ? In the thorax and abdomen ?
Longitudinally in the limbs, horizontally in thorax and abdomen
Which lobe of the brain ins used for vision ?
Occipital lobe
What is a neuron ?
Excitable nerve cells transmitting information as electrical signals (=Action Potentials)
What is a neuroglia ?
Specialised tissue supporting and insulating the neurons
What are the two parts of the neuron ?
Soma (cell body) and neurite (axon or dendrite)
What is an axon?
Single, long, covered with myelin or shwann sheath
What is a dendrite ?
Mutliple, thin, short extensions
What are the three different types of neurons and their function ?
- Sensory (afferent) - Convey info from peripheral tissues and organs to CNS, or from one part of the CNS to another
- Motor (efferent)- Transmit signal from CNS to effector cells
- Interneurons- “any neuron having its cell body, axon, and dendrites entirely within the central nervous system, especially one that conveys impulses between a motor neuron and a sensory neuron.”
What is a receptor ?
A structure able to produce electrical signal upon receiving appropriate stimuli
What are visceroceptors?
Receptors found in blood vessels, glands and organs. Their stimuli result in “poorly localized and ill-defined” pain as a result of contraction and stretch, thirst, hunger, nausea etc. Also sensitive to biochemical changes in blood.
What are proprioreceptors ?
Receptors present in muscle, tendon, ligaments, joint capsule and inner ear. Provide information about joint angle, muscle length, muscle tension (we integrate it to give about about position of limb in space). Have a function in balance.
What are mechanoreceptors ?
Receptors which are sensitive to touch, pressure, vibration, sound, proprioreception, balance.
What are thermoreceptors ?
Receptors which are sensitive to temperature
What are photoreceptors ?
Receptors which are sensitive to light
What are nocireceptors ?
Receptors which are sensitive to tissue injury. Their stimulus results in pain.
What are chemoreceptors ?
Receptors which are sensitive to chemical changes (smell, taste, blood glucose concentration)
What are examples of general senses ?
Vibration, pressure, pain, touch, temperature, 2 point discrimination, proprioreceptive, visceral pain, hunger, nausea
