Introduction to Anatomy Flashcards
What is the importance of systematic anatomy ?
Allows the integration of anatomy with microbiology, physiology, pathology, pharmacology
What is the importance of regional anatomy ?
Understanding it is essential to understand the effect the effects of widespread disease (like cancer) and cancer
How is surface/Living anatomy performed ?
Through observation and palpation
What is the importance of cross-sectional anatomy ?
Knowledge of this essential to understand modern imagining techniques
What is the other name for microscopic anatomy ?
Histology
What are the two types of sweat glands existing and what are the differences between them ?
Merocrine (acidic secretions)
Apocrine (basic secretions, becomes active with puberty and promotes bacterial growth hence the smell)
What are Langer Lines and what is their significance ?
Tension/cleavage lines importance in surgery: if incision parallel to those lines will results in less gaping less scar tissue and faster healing.
How do Langer lines tend to spiral in the limbs ? In the thorax and abdomen ?
Longitudinally in the limbs, horizontally in thorax and abdomen
Which lobe of the brain ins used for vision ?
Occipital lobe
What is a neuron ?
Excitable nerve cells transmitting information as electrical signals (=Action Potentials)
What is a neuroglia ?
Specialised tissue supporting and insulating the neurons
What are the two parts of the neuron ?
Soma (cell body) and neurite (axon or dendrite)
What is an axon?
Single, long, covered with myelin or shwann sheath
What is a dendrite ?
Mutliple, thin, short extensions
What are the three different types of neurons and their function ?
- Sensory (afferent) - Convey info from peripheral tissues and organs to CNS, or from one part of the CNS to another
- Motor (efferent)- Transmit signal from CNS to effector cells
- Interneurons- “any neuron having its cell body, axon, and dendrites entirely within the central nervous system, especially one that conveys impulses between a motor neuron and a sensory neuron.”
What is a receptor ?
A structure able to produce electrical signal upon receiving appropriate stimuli
What are visceroceptors?
Receptors found in blood vessels, glands and organs. Their stimuli result in “poorly localized and ill-defined” pain as a result of contraction and stretch, thirst, hunger, nausea etc. Also sensitive to biochemical changes in blood.
What are proprioreceptors ?
Receptors present in muscle, tendon, ligaments, joint capsule and inner ear. Provide information about joint angle, muscle length, muscle tension (we integrate it to give about about position of limb in space). Have a function in balance.
What are mechanoreceptors ?
Receptors which are sensitive to touch, pressure, vibration, sound, proprioreception, balance.
What are thermoreceptors ?
Receptors which are sensitive to temperature
What are photoreceptors ?
Receptors which are sensitive to light
What are nocireceptors ?
Receptors which are sensitive to tissue injury. Their stimulus results in pain.
What are chemoreceptors ?
Receptors which are sensitive to chemical changes (smell, taste, blood glucose concentration)
What are examples of general senses ?
Vibration, pressure, pain, touch, temperature, 2 point discrimination, proprioreceptive, visceral pain, hunger, nausea
What are examples of specific senses ?
Vision, hearing, smell, taste, balance
What is a Ganglion ?
Group of nerve cell bodies located in the peripheral nervous system
Somatomotor
Nerve supplying striated muscle
Visceromotor
Nerve supplying viscera
Secretomotor
Nerve supplying glands
What are the two kinds of ganglion and what is the difference between them?
Autonomic Ganglions (their neurons have dendrites) Sensory Ganglions (unipolar, only have an axon)
Given an example of divergence in the nervous system
There are more post-ganglionic then pre-ganglionic fibres
What are the two types of ganglionic fibers what is the structural and functional difference between them ?
Pre-ganglionic fibres are myelinated axons from brain stem or spinal chord
Post-ganglionic fibres are unmyelinated axons supplying smooth muscle and glands
What are the two anatomical divisions of the NS ?
CNS (encephalon and spinal chord) and PNS (cranial and spinal nerves and their ganglia)
What are other features of the CNS ?
Covered with meninges and suspended in CSF
What are the components of the encephalon ?
Brain stem (medulla/bulbus + pons + mesencephalon/midbrain) + cerebrum (telencephalon + diencephalon) + cerebellum
What are the physiological divisions of the NS ?
Somatic NS
Autonomic NS
What is the function of the Somatic NS ?
Innervates skeletal muscles, skin, oral and nasal cavities
What is the function of the Autonomic NS ?
Controls functions of smooth muscles, glands, internal organs and blood vessels.
Relays info from these to CNS
What are the two parts of the Autonomic NS ?
Sympathetic (Flight or flight)
Parasympathetic (Rest and digest)
Where are the cell bodies of the nerves of the Sympathetic NS ?
At columna intermediolateralis T1-L2 medulla spinalis segments
What are the characteristics of the fight or flight response ?
Rapid onset, wide-spread and lasting response
Where are the cell bodies of the nerves of the Parasympathetic NS ?
At brain stem or S2-4 medulla spinalis segments
What is dual innervation ?
Innervation by both Sympathetic and Parasympathetic NS. Have opposite effects on the same organ. Many organs have it (but certain blood vessels supplied by Parasympathetic ONLY like erector pili)
What is the median plane (=midsagittal plane ?)
Divides body into left and right
What is the sagittal plane ?
Paramedian plane, parallel to median plane
What is the coronal plane ?
AKA frontal plane, divides the body into anterior and posterior
What is the transverse plane ?
AKA horizontal or axial, divides body into superior and inferior
What is the Frankfurt plane ?
Auriculo-orbital plane, plane passing through inferior margin of the orbit and upper margin of each ear canal or external auditory meatus.
What does proximal mean ?
Closer to the point of attachment or reobservation
What does distal mean ?
Away from the point of attachment or observation
What does ipsilateral mean ?
Appearing on same side of body
What does Contralateral mean?
Appearing on opposite side of body
What does Unilateral mean ?
Affecting one side of the body
Bilateral
Affecting both side of the body
Cephalon
Head
Cervix-collum
Neck
Troncus-Corpus
Body
Costa
Ribs
Brachium
Arm
Antebrachium
Forearm
Ulnar
Medial side of the forearm
Tibial
Medial side of the leg
Radial
Lateral side of the forearm
Fibular
Lateral side of the leg
Flexion
Folds joint
Extension
Straightens a join
Abduction
Away from medial plane
Adduction
Towards the medial plane
Ulnar deviation
Adduction at the wrist
Radial deviation
Abduction at the wrist
Rotation
Part of body rotates around its own longitudinal axis
Pronation
Rotation of palm of hand posteriorly
Suspination
Palm of the hand anteriorly
Inversion
Turns foot inwards
Eversion
Turns food outwards
