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MD2001 > Muskoloskeletal system > Flashcards

Muskoloskeletal system Flashcards

1
Q

What is a joint ?

A

Where 2 or more bones meet

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2
Q

What are the types of joints when classified by movement type ? Give an example for each.

A
  1. Synarthroses -No movement takes place (skull)
  2. Amphiarthroses -little movement (spine)
  3. Diathroses -Very moveable joints (hip and shoulder joint)
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3
Q

What are the types of joints when classified by soft tissue structure ? What is their characteristic feature ? Give an example.

A
  1. Fibrous -fibre connections between 2 bones. Does NOT allow very much movement. Sutures of the skull.
  2. Cartilaginous - if primary then hyaline cartilage (=Synchondrosis). If secondary then fibrocartilage (=Symphysis). E.g. epiphysael plate and pubic symphysis.
  3. Synovial- Surrounded by thick flexible membrane forming sac into which is secreted fluid lubricating joint. E.g. bone socket, hinge joint.
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4
Q

What are the different kinds of fibrous joints ?

A
  • Sutures (joints between skull vault bones)
  • Syndesmosis (fibrous membrane between bones. E.g. radioulnar interosseous membrane)
  • Gomphosis (peg and socket)
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5
Q

What is the structure of synchondroses (type of cartilaginous joint) ? How moveable are they ? Give examples.

A

Bone-Hyaline Cartilage-Bone
Not moveable
Epiphyseal plate, first stenocostal joint

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6
Q

What is the structure of symphyses (type of cartilaginous joint) ? How moveable are they ? Give examples.

A

Bone-Hyaline cartilage-Fibrocartilage disc-Hyaline cartilage- Bone
Allows limited movement
Pubic symphysis, intervertebral discs, joints of sternum

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7
Q

What is the particularity of synovial joints?

A

Allow friction-less movement.

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8
Q

What are the characteristic features of synovial joints ?

A

Periosteum, fibrous capsule, synovial membrane, synovial fluid in articular cavity, articular hyaline cartilage

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9
Q

What does the fibrous capsule consist of ?

A

Collagen fibres. Bands of collagen might develop along lines of stress to form ligaments (restricts movement to protect joint from damage).

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10
Q

Which types of ligaments are there ?

A

Intrinsic ligament= Part of the capsule

Extrinsic ligament= outside of the capsule

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11
Q

What is the main function of the fibrous capsule ?

A

Preventing dislocation

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12
Q

What is a defining feature of articular cartilage (besides the fact that it is hyaline cartilage) ?

A

It has very poor blood supply and few chondrocytes so very long time to heal if damage.

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13
Q

What is the synovial membrane made of and what is its role ?

A

Collagenous vascular connective tissue.

Secrete synovial fluid to lubricate and nourish joints while removing waste

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14
Q

What is synovial fluid made of ?

A

Hyaluronic acid, lubricin, some phagocytic cells.

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15
Q

How does exercice affect viscosity of the synovial fluid ?

A

Alignment of glycoproteins changes with exercise. Hence, exercise decreases viscosity (thixotropic), and hence improves lubrication.

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16
Q

What is the function of intra-articular discs ? Which kinds of joints are they found in? What are they made of ?

A

Absorb shock and deepen the socket.
In joints where rotatory movement occurs.
Made of fibrocartilage

17
Q

What is a bursae ? Where are they found ?

A

Closed sacs lined with synovial membrane and lubricated with fluid
Found where friction occurs

18
Q

What are synovial sheaths ?

A

Specialised bursae surrounding tendons where subject to Pressure.

19
Q

Which of ball and socket joints, or hinge joints, is more likely to be dislocated, and why?

A

Ball and socket, because they allow movement in 3 planes versus 1 plane for hinge joint.

20
Q

What are the factors influencing the stability of joints ?

A
  • Shape of bones (hence range of movements)
  • Strength and position of ligaments (tight ligament prevents large range of movement so more stable)
  • Tone and position of surrounding muscle (increase in tone = decrease in movement freedom)
21
Q

How do we get proprioception ?

A

Thanks to nerve supply in the area of joint

22
Q

What is osteoarthritis ?

A

Degenerative disease affecting weight bearing joints, especially articular cartilage.
Joint dissolves in some areas and builds up in others, causing abnormal structure and grinding.

23
Q

What is Rheumatoid Arthritis ?

A

Autoimmune disease resulting in inflammation of synovial membrane.
This leads to destruction of articular cartilage.

24
Q

What are the types of muscle which exist and what are their basic characteristics ?

A

Skeletal (voluntary and striated)
Cardiac (involuntary and striated)
Visceral (involuntary and smooth)

25
Q

How much do muscle cells shorten in contraction ?

A

By 1/3 their length.

26
Q

What is the deep fascia and what is its role ?

A

Fibrous tissue enclosing muscle. It divides them into compartments sharing a function (E.g anterior muscle of the forearm are flexors vs posterior muscle of the arm are extensors)

27
Q

What are the different kinds of muscle within a functional group ?

A

Prime mover (main participants)
Synergists
Antagonists

28
Q

What are bundles of muscle called ?

A

Fascicles.

29
Q

What are the types of connective tissue coverings muscle and what is their function ?

A 
Their function is to support nerves and capillaries of muscle. 
They are: 
-Endomysium (seperates muscle fibers) 
-Perimysium (lies between fasciculi)
-Epimysium (dense sheath on surface)
30
Q

What happens in skeletal muscle differentiation ?

A

Myosatellite cells give rise to myoblasts which mature into myocytes.
Myostatin inhibits this process
If gene for myostatin defective, excessive skeletal muscle growth

31
Q

How does muscle attach periosteum ?

A

Some muscles attach directly via fleshy muscle fibers

Others attach indirectly via tendons

32
Q

What are the min different types of synovial joints ?

A

Ball and socket, hinge, gliding joint, saddle, pivot

33
Q

Ball and socket

1) Which movements are possible ?
2) What are some examples ?

A

1) Extension and flexion
Abduction and adduction
Circumduction and rotation

2) Shoulder and hip

34
Q

Hinge

1) Which movements are possible ?
2) What are some examples ?

A

1) Extension and flexion (mainly)

2) Ankle, elbow, knee, humeroulnar joint, interphalangeal joint

35
Q

Gliding

1) Which movements are possible ?
2) What are some examples ?

A

1) Gliding (some very slight rotations)

2) Acromioclavicular joint, sternocostal joint, costovertebral joint

36
Q

Saddle

1) Which movements are possible ?
2) What are some examples ?

A

1) Flexion and Extension
Adduction and Abduction
Circumduction

2) Carpometacarpal joint of thumb

37
Q

Pivot

1) Which movements are possible ?
2) What are some examples ?

A

1) Rotation

2) Proximal radioulnar joint, antlanto-axial joint

MD2001 (35 decks)

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